Vicinal primary diamines associated with metal and/or free radical chelation motifs, and active against carbonyl and oxidative stress, and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compounds of Formula I: 
                         
or the salts thereof, as well as the use thereof in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic or agrofood industry.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage Application of PCT/FR2016/051703 filed Jul. 6, 2016, which claims priority from French Patent Application No. 1556366 filed Jul. 6, 2015. Each of the prior mentioned applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

This invention relates to novel diamine derivatives scavengers of alpha-oxoaldehydes (α-oxoaldehydes) and alpha aldehydes, beta unsaturated (α,β-unsaturated aldehydes) and metal chelators as well as the uses thereof, in particular in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases or disorders associated with accumulation of AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) and/or of ALE (Advanced Lipid Peroxidation Endproducts).

PRIOR ART

During glycolysis and lipid peroxidation, carbonyl compounds are formed and react with the nucleophilic groups of proteins (lysine, arginine, cysteine, etc.) to give AGEs (“Advanced Glycation Endproducts”) (Pathologie, Biologie, 2006, 54, 405-419) and ALEs (“Advanced Lipid Peroxidation Endproducts”) (Br. J. Pharm., 2008, 153, 6-20). AGEs therefore appear as deleterious modifications of proteins following the formation of a Schiff base, followed by an Amadori rearrangement, of the free amine groups thereof with different α-oxoaldehydes derivatives such as for example glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO) and deoxyglucosone (3-DG), coming from the oxidative metabolism of the glucides (Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2013, 99, 261-271). In the same way, the ALEs are formed after 1.2 or 1.4 Michael addition of these amine groups of proteins on α,β-unsaturated aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) or 4-hydroxy-2-hexanal (4-HHE), coming from the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids under the effect of the oxidative stress induced in particular by the transition metals (Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺) (Prog. Lipid Res., 2003, 42, 318-343). In addition, these toxic carbonyl derivatives can also react according to a non-enzymatic process with the bases of the DNA in order to give branched or non-branched AGEs/ALEs. Enzymatic detoxification mechanisms exist such as the (GSH)-dependant glutathion glyoxalase system (glyoxalases I and II) which transforms the reactive carbonyl compounds into D-lactate, glycolate or acetol, but the malfunction thereof can cause an accumulation of AGEs.

The accumulation of AGEs has two major biological consequences. First of all, they can be at the origin of a protein cross-linking observed especially on long-lived proteins such as for example collagen, lens proteins, fibronectin, albumin and hemoglobin. This phenomenon as such plays a preponderant role in the appearance of various malfunctions (loss of elasticity of the skin tissue or of the vascular endothelium, pigmentation of the skin, etc.) and age-related pathologies (cataract, rheumatisms, etc.). Then, the oxidative stress would favour the occurrence of inflammatory and thrombogenic reactions, but also apoptosis via an interaction between the AGEs and the specific receptors thereof (RAGE). These mechanisms would as such in particular be involved in the appearance of atherosclerosis and of various complications in particular microangiopathic related to diabetes such as cardiovascular disorders, nephropathies, retinopathies, neuropathies etc. (Biofactors 2012, 38, 266-274; Int. J. Mol, Med., 2010, 26, 813-818; Mol. Metabolism, 2014, 3, 94-108). However, the accumulation of AGE associated with the oxidative imbalance induced by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the weakening of the antioxidant cellular defence systems found in diabetics, will also be at the origin of the exacerbation of the lipid peroxidation (Chem. Biol. Interact., 2008, 171, 251-271). This oxidative cascade will therefore generate in parallel the formation of ALE such as the complex between the apolipoprotein B of the LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins) natives and the MDA involved in the genesis of the oxidised LDLs. The latter will then be absorbed by macrophages which once loaded with lipidic droplets, will be transformed into foamy cells, constituents of atheromatous plaque (Int. J. Mol, Med., 2010, 26, 813-818).

In the same way, following the exacerbation of the oxidative stress and of the lipid peroxidation, substantial quantities of ALE associated with neuronal proteins are found among patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as for example Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. As such, in the case of Alzheimer's disease, the physiopathological model of the β-amyloid cascade would tend to prove that the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques that constitute one of the predominant markers of the disease, would be at the origin of a harmful oxidative cascade (Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7, 548-554; Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2002, 32, 1050-1060). Indeed, under the influence of various genetic and environmental factors, the cleavage by β-secretase of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) becomes preferential to the detriment of the degradation pathway involving α-secretase. Non-toxic Aβ monomers are then formed which, after aggregation induced by the metal ions, are transformed into toxic oligomers, constituents of the β-amyloid plaques at the origin of an exacerbation of the oxidative stress (Chem. Eur. J., 2012, 18, 15910-15920; Neurochem. Int., 2013, 62, 367-378). In the end, the neurotoxicity of the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes then coming from the lipid peroxidation, will largely be involved in the occurrence of the dementia (Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2011, 8, 452-469). Among the latter, mention can be made of acrolein which appears to be the most reactive compound with regards to cysteine, histidine and lysine residues of proteins or 4-HNE. The acrolein will as such result in the formation of ALE at the origin of an alteration of the cytoskeleton and of the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles, another important marker of Alzheimer's disease. Then, the 4-HNE will induce a destabilisation on the neuronal membrane in particular after the formation of ALE on the ion channels and finally a calcium imbalance at the origin of the apoptosis. In addition, ALEs coming from the condensation of the MDA on lysine residues of proteins were able to be identified in the form of dihydropyridine derivatives and would participate in the decrease in the resistance of the skin to UVs which would contribute to the ageing of the skin and possibly to the development of cancers of the skin (Mech. Ageing Dev., 2001, 122, 735-755). Finally, the MDA can also behave as a mutagenic agent after reaction on the amine functions of the bases of the DNA and in particular deoxyguanosine and as such favour the development of certain cancers (Toxicology, 2002, 181-182, 219-222). However, it can be noted that this type of modification of the DNA has also been described in literature in the form of adducts with the MGO (Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2005, 18, 1586-1592).

Several anti-AGE/ALE agents have been described previously in literature. Aminoguanidine (Pimagedine®) has as such shown to be an excellent MGO scavenger in vitro and in vivo on animal models of diabetes (Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2003, 419, 31-40; Diabetes, 2012, 61, 549-559). However, phase III clinical trials in humans did not provide conclusive results showing weak vasoprotective antioxidant properties and hepatic and gastro-intestinal side effects (Am. J. Nephrol., 2004, 4, 32-40). The trials on this molecule were as such abandoned.

Several other compounds have however shown in vitro and in vivo their effectiveness in slowing down the formation of AGEs and ALEs. Nagai et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 2310-2320) report for example the anti-AGE properties of pyridoxamine (Pyridorin®), of 2,3-diaminophenazine, of thiamine, of benfotiamine, of TM-2002, of tenilsetam and of LR-9, 20, 59, 74 and 90 as well as the fact that PTB (“Phenacyl Thiazolium Bromide”) and ALT-711 have shown to be able to destroy the AGEs and the ALEs. AntiAGE effects have also been described for carnosine (Neurosci. Lett., 1997, 238, 135-13) and OPB-9195 (J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2000, 11, 1719-1725). Note that the first clinical trials on OPB-9195 did not provide conclusive results and had to be suspended due to the occurrence of major side effects (Pathologie, Biologie, 2006, 54, 405-419). Most of the studies on the other molecules are still at the experimental stage, except for ALT-711 for which the clinical trials have also been suspended.

Patent applications WO 2006/103274 A1 and WO 2013/050721 A1 describe derivatives of 2,3-diaminopropionic acid previously synthesised by Sasaki et al. as well as the anti-AGE/ALE properties thereof.

It is important to note that this various work has primarily focused on the development of anti-AGE agents. Indeed, few studies concerning the development of potential anti-ALE agents have until now been conducted. The designing of multipotent compounds that are both anti-AGE/ALE and metal chelators has not yet to date been described.

There is as such still a need for novel compounds that have anti-AGE/ALE properties and which are preferably also metal chelators.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have now succeeded in developing novel diamine derivatives scavengers of alpha-oxoaldehydes (a-oxoaldehydes) and alpha aldehydes, beta-unsaturated (α,β-unsaturated aldehydes) and metal chelators. These multipotent compounds have the advantage of combining the scavenger properties of carbonyl compounds with metal chelating properties and antiradical properties.

The invention therefore relates to compounds of Formula I, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as well as the use of these compounds or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in pharmaceutical, agrofood or cosmetic compositions.

In a first aspect, the invention relates to compounds of Formula I:

and the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable, wherein

-   n is an integer from 1 to 6; -   X is CO or CH₂; -   Y is NR¹R² or R² or

-   R¹ is H or alkyl or alkyl-aryl; -   R² is Z-L-R³; -   Z is non-existent, CO or CH₂; -   L is non-existent, CH═CH or (CH₂)_(m); -   m is an integer from 1 to 6; -   R³ is phenyl, substituted by at least one OH group and one or more     substituents selected from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl,     or R³ is N-pyridinonyl, substituted by at least one OH group and     possibly by one or more substituents selected from OH, C1 to C4     alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl.

The compounds of Formula I comprising one asymmetrical carbon atom, they exist in the form of two enantiomers. These enantiomers as well as the mixtures thereof, including the racemic mixtures, are part of the invention.

In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical, cosmetic or agrofood compositions comprising at least one compound according to the invention or one of the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable and at least one excipient that is acceptable from a pharmaceutical, cosmetic and/or agrofood standpoint.

As indicated hereinabove, the compounds of the invention as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof have a particular application in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases or disorders associated with accumulation of AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) and/or of ALE (Advanced Lipid Peroxidation Endproducts).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As detailed hereinabove, the invention relates to compounds of Formula I as well as the salts thereof, in particular that are acceptable from a pharmaceutical, cosmetic and/or agrofood standpoint.

Compounds of Formula I and the preferred salts thereof are those wherein one, several or each one of n, Y, R¹, R², Z, L, m and R³ are defined in the following way:

-   n is an integer from 1 to 4; preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; more     preferably n is 2 or 3; -   Y is NR¹R² or R² or

-   R¹ is H, methyl or benzyl; preferably R¹ is H or methyl, more     preferably R¹ is H; -   R² is Z-L-R³; -   Z is CO or CH₂; -   L is absent, CH═CH or (CH₂)_(m), preferably L is absent, trans-CH═CH     or (CH₂)_(m), -   m is an integer from 1 to 6; preferably from 1 to 4, more preferably     m is 1, 2 or 3; -   R³ is phenyl, substituted by at least one OH group and one or more     substituents selected from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl,     or R³ is N-pyridinonyl, substituted by at least one OH group and     possibly by one or more substituents selected from OH, C1 to C2     alkoxy and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably selected from OH, methoxy and     methyl, more preferably from OH and methoxy or OH and methyl or OH,     more preferably R³ is selected from:

In a particular embodiment, the compounds of Formula I and the salts thereof are those wherein R² is selected from:

with Z being CO or CH₂.

In fact and without wanting to be tied to any theory whatsoever, the inventors think that the ability to form adducts with the MGO and the MDA and the copper chelating power of the compounds according to the invention are obtained at the level of the diamine group. In parallel, the iron chelating power and the antiradical properties of the compounds according to the invention are obtained thanks to the groups derived from ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3 -methoxyphenyl), from gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl) and from hydroxypyridinones.

In a first embodiment, the compounds of the invention are those of Formula II:

and the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable, wherein n and Y are such as defined hereinabove with respect to Formula I.

In a second embodiment, the compounds of the invention are those of Formula III

and the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable, wherein n and Y are such as defined hereinabove with respect to Formula I.

In a third embodiment, the compounds of the invention are those of Formula IV

and the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable, wherein n, X, R¹, Z, L and R³ are such as defined with respect to Formula I.

Preferred compounds of Formula IV are those wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R⁴,R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹,R²⁰ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from H, OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from H, OH, C1 to C2 alkoxy and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from H, OH, methoxy and methyl, more preferably from H, OH and methoxy; H or OH and H, methyl or OH; with the proviso that at least one of R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸, of R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³, of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ is OH.

Particularly preferred compounds of Formula IV are those wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH, C1 to C2 alkoxy and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from OH, methoxy and methyl, more preferably from OH and methoxy or OH and methyl or OH; with the proviso that at least one of R⁵ and R⁶, of R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, of R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ and of R²¹ is OH. Particularly advantageous compounds of Formula IV are those wherein

-   -   R⁵ and R⁶ are selected, independently of one another, from OH         and C1 to C4 alkoxy, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkoxy,         more preferably from OH and methoxy; advantageously R⁵ is C1 to         C4 alkoxy, preferably C1 to C2 alkoxy, more preferably methoxy         and R⁶ is OH;     -   R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are OH;     -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are selected, independently of one another, from OH         and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more         preferably from OH and methyl; advantageously R¹⁶ is OH and R¹⁷         is C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably         methyl;     -   R²¹ is OH.

In an embodiment, the compounds of Formula IV are those wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from H, OH and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from H, OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from H, OH and methyl; with the proviso that at least one of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ and of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ is OH. Advantageously Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from OH and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably from OH and methyl; with the proviso that at least one of R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ and of R²¹ is OH. Particularly advantageous compounds are those wherein

-   -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are selected, independently of one another, from OH         and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more         preferably from OH and methyl; advantageously R¹⁶ is OH and R¹⁷         is C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably         methyl;     -   R²¹ is OH.

In a fourth embodiment, the compounds of the invention are those of Formula V

and the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable, wherein n, X, Z, L and R³ are such as defined with respect to Formula I.

Preferred compounds of Formula V are those wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from H, OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from H, OH, C1 to C2 alkoxy and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from H, OH, methoxy and methyl, more preferably from H, OH and methoxy; H or OH and H, methyl or OH; with the proviso that at least one of R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸, at least one of R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³, at least one of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷, and at least one of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ is OH.

Particularly preferred compounds of Formula V are those wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R²¹ wherein are selected, independently of one another, from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH, C1 to C2 alkoxy and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from OH, methoxy and methyl, more preferably from OH and methoxy or OH and methyl or OH; with the proviso that at least one of R⁵ and R⁶, at least one of R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, at least one of R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ is OH and R²¹ is OH. Particularly advantageous compounds of Formula IV are those wherein

-   -   R⁵ and R⁶ are selected, independently of one another, from OH         and C1 to C4 alkoxy, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkoxy,         more preferably from OH and methoxy; advantageously R⁵ is C1 to         C4 alkoxy, preferably C1 to C2 alkoxy, more preferably methoxy         and R⁶ is OH;     -   R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are OH;     -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are selected, independently of one another, from OH         and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more         preferably from OH and methyl; advantageously R¹⁶ is OH and R¹⁷         is C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably         methyl;     -   R²¹ is OH.

In an embodiment, the compounds of Formula V are those wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶,R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹,R²⁰ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from H, OH and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from H, OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from H, OH and methyl; with the proviso that at least one of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ and at least one of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ is OH. Advantageously Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from OH and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably from OH and methyl; with the proviso that at least one of R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ is OH and R²¹ is OH. Particularly advantageous compounds are those wherein

-   -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are selected, independently of one another, from OH         and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more         preferably from OH and methyl; advantageously R¹⁶ is OH and R¹⁷         is C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably         methyl;     -   R²¹ is OH.

In a fifth embodiment, the compounds of the invention are those of Formula VI

and the salts thereof, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable, wherein n, X, L and R³ are such as defined with respect to Formula I.

Preferred compounds of Formula VI are those wherein n is 1 or 2, X is CH₂ and/or L-R³ is

wherein R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are selected, independently of one another, from H, OH and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from H, OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, preferably from H, OH and methyl; with the proviso that at least one of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ is OH. Advantageously L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are selected, independently of one another, from OH and C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably from OH and C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably from OH and methyl; with the proviso that at least one of R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ is OH. Particularly advantageous compounds are those wherein R¹⁶ is OH and R¹⁷ is C1 to C4 alkyl, preferably C1 to C2 alkyl, more preferably methyl.

Particularly preferred compounds of the invention are those listed in Table 1 hereinbelow:

TABLE 1 Structure Name

(E)-4,5-diamino-1-(4-(3-(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)piperazin-1- yl)pentan-1-one

(E)-N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-(4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide

4,5-diamino-1-(4-(3,4,5- trihydroxybenzoyl)piperazin-1- yl)pentan-1-one

N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3,4,5- trihydroxybenzamide

N-(4,5-diaminopentyl)-3-(3-hydroxy- 2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)propanamide

N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-2- oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)propanamide

4,5-diamino-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-2- oxopyridin-1(2H)- yl)propyl)pentanamide

1-(3-(4-(3,4- diaminobutanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)- one

1-(2-(4-(4,5- diaminopentanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one

1-(3-(4-(4,5- diaminopentanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)- one

N-(4,5-diaminopentyl)-2-(3-hydroxy- 2-methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)- yl)acetamide

N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-2-(3-hydroxy-2- methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)- yl)acetamide

N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-2- methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)- yl)propanamide

4,5-diamino-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-2- methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)- yl)propyl)pentanamide

1-(2-(4-(4,5- diaminopentanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin- 4(1H)-one

1-(3-(4-(4,5-diaminopentyl)piperazin- 1-yl)propyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)- one

1-(3-((4,5- diaminopentyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)- 3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one

1-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2- methylpyridin-4(1H)-one

The compounds of Formula I can be prepared according to reactions known to those skilled in the art. The reaction schemes described in the “Examples” part show possible synthesis approaches.

Due to their ability to scavenge α-oxoaldehydes and/or α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, the ability thereof to chelate metals and the anti-oxidant properties thereof, the compounds of the invention and the salts thereof, in particular acceptable from a pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic standpoint, have an application in the pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic industry.

In a second aspect, the invention therefore relates to the compounds of the invention for use as a medicament.

More particularly, the compounds of the invention are as such useful in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases or disorders associated with an accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and/or of advanced lipid peroxidation endproducts (ALEs).

These diseases or disorders include neurodegenerative diseases, micro- and macroangiopathies linked to the oxidative and carbonyl stresses, diabetes-related disorders and age-related pathologies.

In a particular embodiment, the diseases or disorders are selected from neurodegenerative diseases, in particular from Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In another particular embodiment, the diseases or disorders are selected from micro- and macroangiopathies linked to the oxidative and carbonyl stresses of the atherosclerosis type.

In another particular embodiment, the diseases or disorders are selected from diabetes-related disorders, in particular from atherosclerosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, micro and macroangiopathies, cataract, amyloidosis, rheumatic disorders and varicose and arterial ulcers.

In another particular embodiment, the diseases or disorders are selected from age-related pathologies such as for example cataract and rheumatisms.

This invention, according to another of its aspects, also relates to a method for treating diseases and conditions indicated hereinabove comprising the administration, to a patient, of an effective amount of a compound according to the invention, or of one of the pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof. Preferably, the patient is a warm-blooded animal, more preferably a human.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of the invention or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Said excipients are selected according to the pharmaceutical form and the mode of administration desired, from the usual excipients which are known to those skilled in the art.

The pharmaceutical composition of this invention can be selected from the pharmaceutical compositions for administration by oral, sublingual, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, topical, local, intratracheal, intranasal, transdermal or rectal route. In these compositions, the active ingredient of Formula I hereinabove, or the pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, can be administered in unit administration form, as a mixture with conventional pharmaceutical excipients, to animals and to human beings for the treatment and/or the prevention of the diseases or disorders indicated hereinabove. The suitable unit administration forms include the forms by oral route such as tablets, soft and hard capsules, powders, granules and oral solutions or suspensions, sublingual, buccal, intratracheal, intraocular, intranasal administration forms, via inhalation, topical, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administration forms, rectal administration forms and implants. For topical application, the compounds according to the invention can be used in creams, gels, ointments or lotions. In a preferred embodiment, this is a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration. Such suitable administration forms which can have the form of a solid, semi-solid or liquid according to the mode of administration, are generally known to those skilled in the art, with reference being made to the latest edition of the work “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”.

As the accumulation of AGEs is generally linked to malfunctions that have a cosmetic impact, such as the loss of elasticity of the skin tissue or of the vascular endothelium and the pigmentation of the skin (Dermatoendocrinol. 2012, 4, 259-270), the compounds of the invention are useful as an active ingredient in cosmetic compositions.

DEFINITIONS

The definitions and explanations hereinbelow relate to the terms and expressions as used in this application, comprising the description as well as the claims.

For the description of the compounds of the invention, the terms and expressions used must, unless mentioned otherwise, be interpreted according to the definitions hereinafter.

The term “alkyl(e)”, alone or as part of another group, refers to a hydrocarbon radical of formula C_(n)H_(2n+1) wherein n is an integer greater than or equal to 1.

The term “salt” refers to the acid addition salts of compounds of Formula I. It encompasses the salts with inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, methanesulphonic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid, oxalic acid and similar.

All of the references to compounds of Formula I also designate the salts of the latter.

The term “patient” refers to a warm-blooded animal, preferably a human, who is awaiting or receiving a medical treatment.

The term “human” refers to subjects of both genders and at any stage of development (i.e. neonatal, infantile, juvenile, adolescent and adult). In an embodiment, this is an adolescent or an adult, preferably an adult.

The terms “treat” and “treatment” must be understood in their general meaning and include as such the improvement and the abrogation of a pathological condition.

The terms “prevent” and “prevention” refer to the avoiding or the delaying of the appearance of a disease or condition and of the related symptoms, as such excluding a patient from developing a disease or condition or reducing the risk that a patient develops a disease or condition.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” refers to the amount of active ingredient (compound of Formula I) that is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result in the patient to which it is administered.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “acceptable from a pharmaceutical standpoint” means that a compound or a component is not harmful for the patient and that in the framework of a pharmaceutical composition it is compatible with the other components.

The term “cosmetically acceptable” means that a compound or a component is not harmful for the user, in particular a human, and that in the framework of a cosmetic composition it is compatible with the other components.

The term “acceptable from an agrofood standpoint” means that a compound or a component is not harmful for a warm-blooded animal, in particular for a human during the ingestion thereof and that in the framework of an agrofood composition it is compatible with the other components.

This invention shall be understood better with reference to the following examples. These examples represent certain embodiments of the invention and do not in any way limit the scope of the invention. The figures are used to illustrate the experimental results.

FIGURES

FIG. 1: Structure of the various compounds studied

FIG. 2: Kinetic study of the formation of adducts between the MGO and the compounds according to the invention

FIG. 3: Mass spectrum providing evidence of the formation of at least three types of adducts between the MGO and the compound 37a after 15 min of incubation at 37° C.

FIG. 4: Kinetic study of the formation of adducts between the MDA and the compounds according to the invention

FIG. 5: Mass spectrum providing evidence of the formation of at least one adduct between the MDA and the compound 37a after 5 h of incubation at 37° C.

FIG. 6: Calibration curve carried out in Hexamine buffer 0.01 M/KCl 0.01 M (pH=5)

FIG. 7: Calibration curve carried out in a mixture of Hexamine buffer 0.01 M/KCl 0.01 M (pH=5) and of MeOH 75/25

FIG. 8: Comparison of the complexation % of the Cu²⁺ of different compounds according to the invention according to their concentration

FIG. 9: Two compounds related to compound 37b tested for the Cu²⁺ chelating properties thereof

FIG. 10: Comparison of the complexation % of the Cu²⁺ of the compound 37b and of two related compounds having only one free Cu²⁺ chelating end according to their concentration

FIG. 11: Calibration curve of trolox (Net AUC vs concentration). The values shown are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 12: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of trolox at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 13: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of carnosine at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 14: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of Dap-Pip at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 15: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 29a at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 16: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 29b at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 17: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 30a at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 18: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 30b at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 19: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37a at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 20: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37b at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 21: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37c at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 22: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37d at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 23: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37f at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 24: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37i at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 25: Decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein induced by the AAPH. The values shown concern the results obtained in the absence (control) or in the presence of the compound 37j at different concentrations and are expressed by the mean±SEM of triplicates constituting a representative experiment from the three independent experiments conducted.

FIG. 26: Antioxidant capacity (ORAC_(FL)) of the compounds according to the invention at 10 μM. The results shown correspond to the mean±SEM of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 vs Trolox (Student t-test: if p<0.05, the difference is considered to be significant).

FIG. 27: Evaluation of the antiradical properties of Dap-Pip, a 2^(nd) generation compound

FIG. 28: Evaluation of the antiradical properties of the compound 29a according to the invention

FIG. 29: Evaluation of the antiradical properties of the compound 29b according to the invention

FIG. 30: Evaluation of the antiradical properties of the compound 30b according to the invention

FIG. 31: Evaluation of the antiradical properties of the compound 37a according to the invention

FIG. 32: Evaluation of the antiradical properties of the compound 37c according to the invention

FIG. 33: Comparison of the antiradical properties of vitamin E, of 2^(nd) generation Dap-Pip and of the various compounds according to the invention at a concentration of 10 μM

FIG. 34: Comparison of the antiradical properties of vitamin E, of 2^(nd) generation Dap-Pip and of the various compounds according to the invention at a concentration of 1 μM

FIG. 35: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3) after 24 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates. (a) compounds 29a, 29b, 30b, 37a and 37c; (b) compounds 30a and 37b.

FIG. 36: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) after 24 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates. (a) compounds 29a, 29b, 30b, 37a and 37c; (b) compounds 30a and 37b.

FIG. 37: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on human fibroblasts (MRC-5) after 24 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates. (a) compounds 29a, 29b, 30b, 37a and 37c; (b) compounds 30a and 37b.

FIG. 38: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3) after 48 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates. (a) compounds 29a, 29b, 30b, 37a and 37c; (b) compounds 30a and 37b.

FIG. 39: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) after 48 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean ±standard deviation of the triplicates. (a) compounds 29a, 29b, 30b, 37a and 37c; (b) compounds 30a and 37b.

FIG. 40: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on human fibroblasts (MRC-5) after 48 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates. (a) compounds 29a, 29b, 30b, 37a and 37c; (b) compounds 30a and 37b.

FIG. 41: Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention (29a, 29b, 30a, 30b, 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37f, 37i and 37j) on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) after 24 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed by the mean±SEM of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate.

FIG. 42: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 30b on murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3). The cellules bEnd.3 were pretreated 30 min with 10 μM or 100 μM of 30b before the adding of 2 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates.

FIG. 43: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 37c on murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3). The cellules bEnd.3 were pretreated 30 min with 10 μM or 100 μM of 37c before the adding of 2 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates.

FIG. 44: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 30b on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12). The cellules PC12 were pretreated 30 min with 10 μM or 100 μM of 30b before the adding of 1 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates.

FIG. 45: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 37c on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12). The cellules PC12 were pretreated 30 min with 10 μM or 100 μM of 37c before the adding of 1 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates.

FIG. 46: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 37b on human fibroblasts (MRC-5). The cellules MRCS were pretreated for 1 h with 10 μM or 100 μM of 37b before the adding of 2 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean ±standard deviation of the triplicates.

FIG. 47: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 37c on human fibroblasts (MRC-5). The cellules MRCS were pretreated for 1 h with 10 μM or 100 μM of 37c before the adding of 2 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of the triplicates.

FIG. 48: Evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 37c on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12). The cellules PC12 were pretreated 1 h with 10 μM or 100 μM of 37c before the adding of 1 mM of MGO, then incubated for 24 h. The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±SEM of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate. *p<0.05; **p<0.01 vs control (cells not treated by MGO) (Student t-test: if p<0.05, the difference is considered to be significant).

EXAMPLES

A. Synthesis

I) Equipment and Methods

The various reaction products were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Lyons, France), and are used without additional purifications. The TLCs were carried out on Merck 60F254 silica plates, observed in ultraviolet light (λ=254 nm) before being revealed using phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol 95% followed by heating until maximum colouration. The preparative column chromatographies were carried out via the chromatographic technique on Kielselgel 60 silica gel (40-63 μm) (Merck) or using a Reveleris® (Grace) flash chromatography system in normal phase.

The NMR analyses were carried out on a Bruker AC300, 400 or 600 apparatus. The chemical shifts are expressed in parts per million (ppm) with respect to the deuterated solvent used as an internal reference. The coupling constants (J) are expressed in Hertz (Hz) and the signal multiplicity is symbolised as follows: s (singulet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quadruplet) and m (multiplet). The mass spectra were obtained on a Shimadzu LCMS-2020 apparatus for the MSs and a Micromass Q-TOF Ultima apparatus for the HRMSs, in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI+).

II) Synthesis of the Compounds According to the Invention

1—Synthesis of the Starting Diamine Synthons

a) Derivatives from Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid (Scheme 1)

Compounds 1 (Bioconjug. Chem., 2007, 18, 1625-1636) and 2 (J. Med. Chem., 2009 52, 4650-4656):

The first step of the synthesis (

1) making it possible to obtain a methyl ester starting with the aspartic acid was previously developed by Wojciechowski et al. (Bioconjugate Chem., 2007, 18, 1625-1636) and was in this case, transposed to glutamic acid.

Compounds 3 (WO 2013/030193 A1) and 4 (J. Med. Chem., 2009 52, 4650-4656):

Ollivier et al (Tetrahedron Lett., 2010, 51, 4147-4149) and More et al. (J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52, 4650-4656) respectively described the protection conditions used for the amine group of methyl esters 1 and 2 by a t-butyloxycarbonyl group.

Compounds 5 and 6 (J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1999, 2057-2060):

To a solution of the compound 3 or 4 (38.3-40.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (150 mL), placed under stirring at −15° C. and under Ar, are successively added triethylamine (1.1 eq) and ethyl chloroformate (1.4 eq) dissolved in anhydrous THF (50 mL)) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −15° C., a 25% ammonia solution (2.5-2.7 eq in a final volume final of 16 mL) is introduced into the reaction medium which is then placed under stirring at −15° C., then at room temperature for 18 h. The THF is then evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a solution of KHSO₄ IN, then NaHCO₃ 10% and a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 5 or 6 in the form of a white powder (68 or 77%).

Compound 5: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.59 (s, 1H); 6.20 (s, 1H); 5.79-5.76 (s, 1H); 4.50-4.49 (m, 1H); 3.65 (s, 3H); 2.91 (dd, J=16.9 Hz and J′=4.8 Hz, 1H); 2.66 (dd, J=18.7 Hz and J′=5.7 Hz, 1H); 1.40 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.2; 171.9; 155.1; 80.1; 51.7; 49.9; 35.6; 27.9 (3C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 247.1; [M+Na] 269.1; [M+MeCN+Na] 310.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₀H₁₈N₂O₅Na [M+Na]=269.1113; found=269.1103.

Compounds 7 and 8:

To a solution of the compound 5 or 6 (26.4-28.8 mmol) in THF (100 mL), placed under stirring at −10° C., are added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.5 eq) and triethylamine (3 eq) (Synth. Commun., 2009, 39, 395-406). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at this same temperature for 2 to 4 h. The THF is then evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a solution of KHSO₄ N, then NaHCO₃ 10% and a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 7 or 8 in the form of a yellow solid (60 or 74%) after purification on a silica column using a CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2 mixture or by flash chromatography in normal phase using a CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10 gradient.

Compound 7: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm): 5.61 (s, 1H); 4.90 (m, 1H); 3.75 (s, 3H); 2.86-2.82 (m, 2H); 1.39 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) δ (ppm): 159.0; 117.9; 80.3; 52.6; 37.4; 28.4 (3C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 229.2; [M+MeCN+Na] 292.1; [2M+Na+H] 480.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₄Na [M+Na]=251.1008; found=251.1000.

Compound 8: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 600 MHz): δ (ppm) 5.41 (s, 1H); 4.62 (m, 1H); 3.67 (s, 3H); 2.53-2.46 (m, 2H); 2.13-2.10 (m, 2H); 1.41 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 150 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.6; 154.5; 118.8; 81.2; 52.0; 41.6; 29.6; 28.2 (3C); 28.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 243.1; [M+Na] 265.1; [M+K] 281.0; [M+MeCN+Na] 306.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₁H₁₈N₂O₄Na [M+Na]=265.1164; found=265.1159.

Compounds 9 and 10:

To a solution of the compound 7 or 8 (15.3-19.8 mmol) in methanol (150 mL), placed under stirring at 0° C., are added di-t-butyl dicarbonate (2 eq) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (0.1 eq). Sodium borohydride (8 eq) is then introduced in small portions over a period of 1 h and the mixture is placed under stirring at room temperature for 3 h (Tetrahedron, 2003, 59, 5417-5423). After the adding of diethylenetriamine (2 eq) and stirring again for 30 min to 1 h, the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃, then NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure. The intermediate compound obtained is then dissolved in a THF/H₂O 1:1 mixture (40 mL) and an aqueous solution of LiOH 4N (4 eq) is then introduced into the medium which is kept under stirring for 1 h to 1 h30. The THF is evaporated under reduced pressure, then the mixture is taken in diethyl ether or ethyl acetate and alkalised with a solution of Na₂CO₃ 10% in order to eliminate the methyl ester and the di-t-butyl dicarbonate remaining in the organic phase. The aqueous phase is then acidified using a solution of HCl 6N and the desired product is then extracted using diethyl ether or ethyl acetate. After washing with a saturated solution of NaCl, the organic phase is finally dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 9 or 10 in the form of a white powder (50 or 67%).

Compound 9: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.70-8.61 (s, 1H); 5.54-5.41 (s, 1H); 5.15 (s, 1H); 4.00-3.98 (m, 1H); 3.37-3.25 (m, 2H); 2.65-2.59 (m, 2H); 1.43 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 174.7; 174.6; 146.2 (2C); 79.9; 79.8; 48.0; 43.4; 36.4; 28.1 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 319.2; [M+Na] 341.2; [M+MeCN+Na] 382.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₄H₂₆N₂O₆Na [M+Na]=341.1689; found=341.1676.

Compound 10: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.35-8.28 (s, 1H); 5.06 (s, 1H); 4.99-4.96 (s, 1H); 3.72-3.66 (m, 1H); 3.18-3.16 (m, 2H); 2.43-2.37 (m, 2H); 1.87-1.76 (m, 2H); 1.43 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 177.4; 156.8; 156.5; 79.6 (2C); 51.0; 44.6; 30.5; 28.3 (6C), 27.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+Na] 355.9; [M+MeCN+Na] 396.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₅H₂₈N₂O₆Na [M+Na]=355.1845; found=355.1855.

b) Derivatives of Ornithine and of Lysine (Scheme 2)

Compounds 11 and 12 (Off-the-Shelf)

Compounds 13 (WO 07/011623 A1) and 14 (WO 00/64865 A1):

To a solution of the compound 11 or 12 (1 eq) (13.7-24.5 mmol) in THF (50-150 mL), placed under stirring at −10° C., are successively added N-methylmorpholine (1.1 eq) and ethyl chloroformate (1.1 eq). After stirring for 20 min at −10° C., a 25% ammonia solution (2.5 eq in a final volume final of 16 mL) is introduced into the reaction medium which is then placed under storage for 4 h. The THF is then evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 1N, then NaHCO₃ 10% and a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 13 or 14 in the form of a white powder (91 or 80%) after recrystallisation using a AcOEt/Cyclohexane 20:80 mixture.

Compounds 15 and 16 (WO 2000/64865 A1):

To a solution of the compound 13 or 14 (8.1-10 mmol) in THF (60-70 mL), placed under stirring at −10° C., are added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.5 eq) and pyridine (3 eq). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at this same temperature for 2 h. The THF is then evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 1N, then NaHCO₃ 10% and a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 15 or 16 in the form of a white powder (99 or 95%) after recrystallisation using a AcOEt/Cyclohexane 20:80 mixture.

Compound 15: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 600 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.36-7.29 (m, 5H); 5.11 (s, 1H); 5.08 (s, 2H); 4.96 (s, 1H); 4.55 (m, 1H); 3.24-3.23 (m, 2H); 1.81-1.79 (m, 2H); 1.68-1.65 (m, 2H); 1.44 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 150 MHz): δ (ppm) 156.6 (2C); 136.4; 128.5 (2C); 128.2; 128.1 (2C); 118.7; 79.1; 66.8; 42.0; 40.0; 29.6; 28.2 (3C); 26.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+Na] 370.2; [2M+Na] 717.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₈H₂₅N₃O₄Na [M+Na]=370.1743; found=370.1749.

Compounds 17 and 18:

To a solution of the compound 15 or 16 (8-10 mmol) in methanol (60-80 mL), placed under stirring at 0° C., are added di-t-butyl dicarbonate (2 eq) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (0.1 eq). Sodium borohydride (7 eq) is then introduced in small portions over a period of 30 min to 1 h and the mixture is placed under stirring at room temperature for 1 h. After the adding of diethylenetriamine (1 eq) and stirring again for 30 min to 1 h, the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃, then NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 17 or 18 in the form of a white powder (92 or 89%).

Compound 17: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.34-7.31 (m, 5H); 5.06 (s, 2H); 5.06 (s, 1H); 4.94 (s, 1H); 4.80-4.77 (s, 1H); 3.58 (m, 1H); 3.21-3.12 (m, 4H); 1.56-1.52 (m, 2H); 1.45-1.44 (m, 2H); 1.43 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.0; 156.9 (2C); 136.9; 128.8 (2C); 127.4 (3C); 79.7 (2C); 67.0; 51.5; 44.8; 41.1; 30.4; 28.7 (6C); 26.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 452.1; [M+Na] 474.0.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₃H₃₇N₃O₆Na [M+Na]=474.2580; found=474.2560.

Compound 18: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.34-7.29 (m, 5H); 5.07 (s, 2H); 4.98-4.91 (s, 2H); 4.72 (s, 1H); 3.56 (m, 1H); 3.17-3.13 (m, 4H); 1.46-1.41 (m, 6H); 1.41 (m, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 176.3; 155.8 (2C); 136.0; 127.8 (2C); 127.4 (3C); 78.7 (2C); 65.9; 50.5; 43.9; 39.8; 31.6; 29.1; 27.7 (6C); 22.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 466.3; [M+Na] 488.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₄H₃₉N₃O₆Na [M+Na]=488.2737; found=488.2730.

Compounds 19 and 20:

To a solution of the compound 17 or 18 (1.1-5.7 mmol) in methanol (10-40 mL), is added Pd/C (10% m/m). The reaction medium is placed under vacuum and under stirring at room temperature for 30 min, then kept under a flow of H₂ for 6 h. It is then filtered over paper and the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 19 or 20 in the form of a white powder (92 or 100%).

Compound 19: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 600 MHz): δ (ppm) 4.98 (s, 1H); 4.96 (s, 1H); 3.56 (m, 1H); 3.18-3.12 (m, 2H); 2.74 (s, 2H); 2.74 (m, 2H); 1.48-1.43 (m, 4H); 1.41 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 150 MHz): δ (ppm) 156.7; 156.3; 79.3 (2C); 51.2; 44.7; 41.6; 30.1; 29.3; 28.4 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 318.2; [M+Na] 340.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₅H₃₁N₃O₄ [M+H]=318.2393; found=318.2379.

Compound 20: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 4.99 (s, 2H); 4.76-4.73 (s, 2H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.10 (m, 2H); 2.61-2.59 (m, 2H); 1.57 (m, 2H); 1.37 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 170.8; 167.9; 78.9 (2C); 51.0; 44.4; 41.5; 33.1; 32.4; 28.0 (6C); 22.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 332.2; [M+Na] 354.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₆H₃₃N₃O₄ [M+H]=332.2549; found=332.2564.

2—Coupling of the R_(a) or NR′_(a)R_(b) Group

a) Pseudo-Peptide Coupling

α—Method A (Scheme 3)

1^(st) step: To a solution of the derivative 10, 33a-b, 41a-b, carrying an acid function (0.4-3.0 mmol) in dichloromethane or 1,4-dioxane (10-25 mL), are successively added N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.1 to 1.5 eq) and DCC (1 to 1.2 eq). The reaction medium is kept under stirring at room temperature for 24h, then filtered under a vacuum. The filtrate is then evaporated under reduced pressure to give the activated intermediate of the acid.

2^(nd) step: The amine derivative 20, 26, 27, 35 or 42 (1 to 1.7 eq) is dissolved in dichloromethane (8-30 mL) and set to react with triethylamine (0 to 4 eq) at room temperature for 30 min. The activated intermediate of the acid (1 eq) is then introduced into the reaction medium which is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 18 h. The organic phase is then washed with a solution of HCl 1N, then NaHCO₃ and saturated NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the compound 21a-b, 22a-b, 23c-f or 23j (25 to 82%) after purification on a silica column (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2 at 95:5) (Table 2).

β—Method B (Scheme 4)

To a solution of the derivative carrying an acid function 33b, 41a-b (1-6.5 mmol) in dichloromethane, DMF or THF (25-100 mL), placed under stirring at 0° C., are successively added 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide chlorhydrate (1.2 eq), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (1.1-1.2 eq). After 30 min of stirring at 0° C., the amine derivative 19, 20 or 27 (1 eq) is introduced with triethylamine (1.2 eq) in the reaction medium which is then kept under stirring at room temperature for 4 to 18 h. After evaporation of the DMF or of the THF and taking of the residue in dichloromethane, the organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give after purification on a silica column (AcOEt/Cyclohexane 60:40 or AcOEt/MeOH 80:20) the compounds 23a-b, 23g-i or 23k (51 to 86%) (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Compounds 21-23 Yield (%) Compound n₁ X Y′ R′_(a) R_(b) (Method) Aspect 21a 2 CO

Non- existent 55 (A) White powder 21b 3 CH₂ N

H 71 (A) White powder 22a 2 CO

Non- existent 81 (A) Colour- less oil 22b 3 CH₂ N

H 58 (A) Yellow powder 23a 2 CH₂ N

H 92 (B) Brown powder 23b 3 CH₂ N

H 86 (B) Brown powder 23c 2 CO N

H 68 (A) White powder 23d 1 CO

Non- existent 39 (A) Brown powder 23e 2 CO

Non- existent 56 (A) White powder 23f 2 CO

Non- existent 25 (A) White powder 23g 2 CH₂ N

H 65 (B) White powder 23h 3 CH₂ N

H 62 (B) White powder 23i 3 CH₂ N

H 69 (B) Pasty white solid 23j 2 CO N

H 60 (A) Yellow powder 23k 2 CO

Non- existent 51 (B) White powder

Compound 21a: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.63 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H); 7.09 (dd, J₁=8.4 Hz, J₂=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.99 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.91 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); 6.67 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H); 6.08 (s, 1H); 4.93 (s, 2H); 3.92 (s, 3H); 3.73-3.50 (m, 9H); 3.20 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H); 2.45-2.39 (m, 2H); 1.86-1.80 (m, 2H); 1.42 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 170.8; 170.5; 165.5 (2C); 147.2; 146.4; 143.4; 127.1; 121.7; 114.4; 113.3; 109.5; 77.5 (2C); 55.6; 51.0; 44.8; 44.2 (2C); 41.3 (2C); 29.1; 27.9 (6C); 27.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 577.3; [M+Na] 599.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₉H₄₄N₄O₈ [M+Na]=599.3057; found=599.3043.

Compound 21b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.52 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H); 7.02 (dd, J₁=8.1 Hz, J₂=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.96 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.87 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); 6.31 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H); 6.28 (s, 1H); 5.01-4.99 (s, 1H); 4.84-4.82 (s, 1H); 3.86 (s, 3H); 3.59-3.58 (m, 1H); 3.34-3.33 (m, 2H); 3.16 (m, 2H); 1.57-1.55 (m, 2H); 1.42 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 167.4 (2C); 157.3; 148.3; 147.8; 141.6; 128.4; 122.9; 119.5; 115.8; 110.8; 80.4 (2C); 56.8; 52.2; 45.3; 39.9; 33.1; 30.6; 29.3 (6C); 23.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 508.2; [M+Na] 530.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₆H₄₁N₃O₇Na [M+Na]=530.2842; found=530.2856.

Compound 22a: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.40-7.33 (m, 12H); 7.28-7.26 (m, 3H); 6.65 (s, 2H); 5.12 (s, 4H); 5.10 (s, 2H); 3.65-3.19 (m, 11H); 2.42-2.39 (m, 2H); 1.90-1.84 (m, 2H); 1.70-1.64 (m, 2H); 1.43 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.0; 169.9; 156.5; 156.2; 152.5 (2C); 139.7; 137.3; 136.5 (2C); 129.9; 128.4 (6C); 128.0; 127.8 (2C); 127.1 (6C); 107.1 (2C); 79.2 (2C); 75.0; 71.0 (2C); 51.2; 45.0 (2C); 44.4; 41.5 (2C); 33.7; 29.3; 28.2 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 823.3; [M+Na] 845.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₄₇H₅₈N₄O₉Na [M+Na]=845.4101; found=845.4138.

Compound 22b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.38-7.28 (m, 12H); 7.28-7.26 (m, 3H); 7.17 (s, 2H); 6.62 (s, 1H); 5.13 (s, 4H); 5.09 (s, 2H); 4.97 (s, 1H); 4.78-4.75 (s, 1H); 3.63-3.62 (m, 1H); 3.40 (m, 2H); 3.20-3.18 (m, 2H); 1.62 (m, 2H); 1.46-1.44 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 167.2; 156.2 (2C); 152.8 (2C); 141.1; 137.6; 136.9 (2C); 130.3; 128.6 (6C); 128.3; 128.1 (2C); 127.7 (6C); 107.0 (2C); 79.6 (2C); 75.3 (2C); 71.5; 51.4; 44.2; 39.5; 32.1; 29.2; 28.5 (6C); 22.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M−3Bn+3H+Na] 506.3; [M+H+Na] 777.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₄₄H₅₅N₃O₈Na [M+Na]=776.3887; found=776.3905.

Compound 23a: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.38-7.28 (m, 5H); 7.22-7.19 (s, 1H); 7.08 (dd, J₁=6.9 Hz, J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.70 (dd, J₁=7.5 Hz, J₂=1.2 Hz, 1H); 6.04 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.07-5.01 (s, 2H); 4.93-4.90 (s, 1H); 4.28-4.18 (m, 2H); 3.51-3.47 (m, 1H); 3.05-3.03 (m, 4H); 2.63 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.27-1.40 (s, 9H); 1.38 (s, 9H); 1.32-1.17 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.7 (2C); 157.7; 156.1; 148.1; 135.4; 130.0; 128.1 (2C); 127.7; 127.2 (2C); 115.1; 104.4; 78.7 (2C); 70.3; 50.5; 46.5; 44.6; 38.6; 34.5; 29.4; 27.9 (6C); 25.0.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 573.2; [M+Na] 595.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₀H₄₄N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=595.3108; found=595.3098.

Compound 23b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.36-7.25 (m, 5H); 7.06 (dd, J₁=6.9 Hz, J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.99 (s, 1H); 6.66 (dd, J₁=7.5 Hz, J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.00 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.00 (s, 1H); 5.00 (s, 2H); 4.83-4.80 (s, 1H); 4.21 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.50-3.48 (m, 1H); 3.07-3.00 (m, 4H); 2.65 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 1.38 (s, 18H); 1.33-1.23 (m, 6H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 170.1 (2C); 158.1 (2C); 148.5; 135.9; 130.3; 128.5 (2C); 128.1; 127.4 (2C); 115.6; 104.7; 79.2 (2C); 70.6; 51.1; 47.0; 44.6; 38.8; 35.0; 32.0; 28.9; 28.3 (6C); 22.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 587.5; [M+Na] 609.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₁H₄₆N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=609.3264; found=609.3254.

Compound 23c: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.40 (s, 1H); 7.38-7.25 (m, 5H); 6.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); 6.67 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.10 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.40-5.23 (s, 2H); 5.03 (s, 2H); 4.00 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H); 3.61-3.59 (m, 1H); 3.11 (m, 4H); 2.33-2.26 (m, 2H); 1.87-1.61 (m, 4H); 1.35 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.3 (2C); 156.4; 156.2; 148.2; 135.6; 128.5; 128.2 (2C); 128.0; 127.8 (2C); 115.5; 105.8; 79.0 (2C); 70.4; 50.9; 46.8; 44.2; 35.7; 32.6; 30.3; 28.8; 28.0 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 573.5; [M+Na] 595.4.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₀H₄₄N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=595.3108; found=595.3078.

Compound 23d: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.32-7.18 (m, 5H); 7.01 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H); 6.56 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H); 5.92 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 5.62-5.60 (s, 1H); 5.03-4.97 (s, 1H); 4.97 (s, 2H); 4.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.81-3.79 (m, 1H); 3.54-3.32 (m, 8H); 3.23-3.13 (m, 2H); 2.79 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.57-2.38 (m, 2H); 1.30 (s, 18H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 168.7; 168.6; 157.8; 156.2; 155.2; 142.0; 135.6; 129.8; 128.1 (2C); 127.5; 126.8 (2C); 115.1; 104.1, 79.1 (2C); 70.2; 48.6; 46.7; 44.8 (2C); 43.1; 41.0 (2C); 34.7; 31.2; 27.9 (6C). MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 642.3; [M+Na] 664.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₃H₄₇N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=664.3322; found=664.3322.

Compound 23e: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.38 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H); 7.32 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H); 7.26 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); 7.27 (m, 1H); 6.65 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 6.05 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H); 5.06 (s, 2H); 5.04-5.02 (s, 2H); 4.76-4.69 (m, 2H); 3.75-3.41 (m, 9H); 3.17-3.14 (m, 2H); 2.40-2.34 (m, 2H); 1.85-1.63 (m, 2H); 1.39 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.3; 165.6 (2C); 158.0; 156.1; 148.3; 135.9; 129.6; 128.5 (2C); 127.9; 127.2 (2C); 115.9; 104.8; 79.3 (2C); 70.7; 51.4; 49.2; 45.2; 44.8; 44.4; 42.0; 41.4; 29.7; 28.3 (6C); 27.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M−Boc+2H] 542.3; [M+H] 642.3; [M+Na] 664.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₃H₄₇N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=664.3322; found=664.3324.

Compound 23f: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.42 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H); 7.37-7.28 (m, 3H); 7.11 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H); 6.65 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H); 6.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.08 (s, 2H); 4.94-4.93 (s, 2H); 4.24 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.54-3.32 (m, 9H); 3.17 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H); 2.89 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 2.41-2.34 (m, 2H); 1.94-1.82 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.4 (2C); 158.6; 156.7; 149.1; 140.1; 138.2; 130.7; 128.9 (2C); 128.4; 127.7 (2C); 115.9; 104.9; 87.1; 87.0; 71.1; 51.8; 47.6; 45.9 (2C); 45.0; 41.9 (2C); 32.0; 30.1; 28.7 (6C); 28.3.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 656.3; [M+Na] 678.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₄H₄₉N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=678.3479; found=678.3474.

Compound 23g: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.61 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 7.41-7.31 (m, 5H); 6.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (s, 2H); 4.68 (s, 2H); 3.58-3.54 (m, 1H); 3.23-3.18 (m, 2H); 3.12-2.97 (m, 2H); 2.07 (s, 3H); 1.58-1.30 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 175.6; 168.5; 163.7; 158.7; 147.3; 145.9; 143.0; 138.8; 130.4 (2C); 129.8 (2C); 129.6; 117.4; 80.4; 80.3; 75.0; 57.2; 52.2; 45.8; 40.9; 31.2; 29.1 (6C); 27.2; 13.3.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+Na] 595.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₀H₄₄N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=595.3108; found=595.3121.

Compound 23h: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.62 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 7.42-7.32 (m, 5H); 6.47 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.06 (s, 2H); 4.68 (s, 2H); 3.56-3.54 (m, 1H); 3.23-3.18 (m, 2H); 3.14-2.98 (m, 2H); 2.08 (s, 3H); 1.49-1.35 (m, 24H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 175.3; 168.2; 161.1; 158.7; 147.0; 145.6; 142.7; 138.5; 130.2 (2C); 129.5 (2C); 129.3; 117.1; 80.1; 80.0; 74.7; 56.9; 52.1; 45.5; 40.6; 33.1; 30.1; 28.9 (6C); 24.4; 13.0.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+Na] 609.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₁H₄₆N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=609.3264; found=609.3271.

Compound 23i: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.70 (s, 1H); 7.37-7.30 (m, 6H); 6.28 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 5.40 (s, 1H); 5.18 (s, 1H); 5.06 (s, 2H); 4.10-4.06 (m, 2H); 3.51-3.49 (m, 1H); 3.24-3.04 (m, 4H); 2.65-2.50 (m, 4H); 2.12 (s, 3H); 1.44-1.37 (m, 4H); 1.37 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.6; 169.1; 157.0; 156.4; 145.8; 141.6; 139.2; 137.2; 128.9; 128.4 (2C); 128.3 (2C); 116.9; 79.2 (2C); 72.9; 52.3; 50.1; 44.4; 39.1; 36.2; 35.0; 31.9; 28.4 (6C); 22.7; 12.4.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 601.3; [M+Na] 623.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₂H₄₉N₄O₇ [M+H]=601.3601; found=601.3621.

Compound 23j: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.58-7.55 (s, 1H); 7.37-7.24 (m, 6H); 6.32 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 5.47-5.45 (s, 2H); 5.08 (s, 2H); 3.80-3.77 (m, 2H); 3.54-3.53 (m, 1H); 3.24-3.10 (m, 4H); 2.22 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H); 2.03 (s, 3H); 1.93-1.70 (m, 4H); 1.36 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.8; 173.3; 156.9 (2C); 146.3; 141.4; 139.0; 137.4; 129.0 (2C); 128.4 (2C); 128.2; 117.1; 79.6 (2C); 73.1; 51.9; 51.3; 44.4; 36.2; 32.9; 30.7; 29.2; 28.4 (6C), 12.4.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 587.3; [M+Na] 609.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₁H₄₆N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=609.3264; found=609.3265.

Compound 23k: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.35-7.28 (m, 6H); 6.42 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.17 (s, 2H); 5.03 (s, 2H); 4.83 (m, 2H); 3.60-3.42 (m, 9H); 3.19 (m, 2H); 2.43-2.37 (m, 2H); 2.04 (s, 3H); 1.88-1.67 (m, 2H); 1.43 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.1; 171.4; 164.5; 157.0; 156.3; 145.6; 144.1; 140.8; 137.6; 129.0 (2C); 128.7 (2C); 128.4; 116.3; 79.6 (2C); 73.8; 55.3; 51.6; 45.1; 44.7; 42.5; 41.7; 41.4; 29.7; 28.6 (6C); 28.0; 13.0.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 656.4; [M+Na] 678.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₄H₄₉N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=678.3479; found=678.3464.

γ—Coupling of the Synthons Coming from Aspartic and Glutamic Acids with the Piperazine (Scheme 5)

The benzyl piperazine-1-carboxylate was synthesised by adapting a method developed by Dener et al (WO 1998/04537 A1) by way of t-butyl 4-benzyloxycarbonylpiperazine-1-carboxylate. As such, the t-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate is obtained according to a procedure described by Moussa et al. (J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 6228-6239). Then, it is set to react (18.8 mmol) with triethylamine (1.2 eq) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0° C. for 10 min. A solution of benzyl chloroformate (1.2 eq) in dichloromethane (30 mL) is then introduced into the medium which is placed under stirring at room temperature for 18 h. The dichloromethane is then evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is taken in ethyl acetate. The organic phase is finally washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 1M and of NaHCO₃ 5%, then a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the t-butyl 4-benzyloxycarbonylpiperazine-1-carboxylate in the form of a white powder (87%) after purification on a silica column (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99:1). This intermediate (10.9 mmol) is finally dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) in the presence of an off-the-shelf solution of HCl 4N in 1,4-dioxane (20 eq). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 45 min. The 1,4-dioxane is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is crushed in ether in order to give benzyl piperazine-1-carboxylate in the form of a white powder (92%), after filtration under a vacuum.

Compounds 24 and 25:

1^(st) step: To a solution of the compound 9 or 10 (3.1-4.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (25-30 mL), are successively added N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.2-1.5 eq) and DCC (1.1-1.2 eq). The reaction medium is kept under stirring at room temperature for 1 h30 to 24 h, then filtered under a vacuum. The filtrate is then evaporated under reduced pressure to give the activated intermediate of the acid.

2^(nd) step: The benzyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (1.2 eq) is dissolved in dichloromethane (40 mL) and set to react with triethylamine (3 eq) at room temperature for 30 min. The activated intermediate of the acid (1 eq) is then introduced into the reaction medium which is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 15 to 24 h. The organic phase is then washed with a solution of HCl 1N, then a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the compound 24 or 25 in the form of a white powder (77 or 97%) after purification on a silica column (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2).

Compound 24: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.33 (m, 5H); 5.69 (s, 1H); 5.12 (s, 2H); 5.03 (s, 1H); 3.89 (m, 1H); 3.62-3.45 (m, 10H); 2.65-2.41 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.0; 163.7; 161.1; 147.7; 132.4; 128.9 (2C); 128.5; 128.3 (2C); 81.2 (2C); 67.8; 49.7; 45.9; 44.1 (2C); 41.8 (2C); 35.3; 28.7 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 521.3; [M+Na] 543.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₆H₄₀N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=543.2795; found=543.2794.

Compound 25: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.36-7.32 (m, 5H); 5.13 (s, 2H); 4.92 (s, 2H); 3.60-3.44 (m, 9H); 3.20-3.16 (m, 2H); 2.41-2.38 (m, 2H); 1.83-1.81 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 170.8; 164.1; 163.8; 154.7; 136.0; 128.2 (2C); 127.8; 127.6 (2C); 79.0 (2C); 67.1; 51.1; 44.8 (2C); 44.3; 43.4; 41.1 (2C); 29.2; 28.0 (6C); 27.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 535.3; [M+Na] 557.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₇H₄₂N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=557.2951; found=557.2945.

Compounds 26 and 27:

To a solution of the compound 24 or 25 (0.7-2.7 mmol) in methanol (8-30 mL), is added Pd/C (10% m/m). The reaction medium is placed under vacuum and under stirring at room temperature for 30 min, then kept under a flow of H₂ for 6 h. It is then filtered over paper and the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 26 or 27 in the form of a white powder (100 or 96%).

Compound 26: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.33 (s, 1H); 5.69-5.66 (s, 1H); 5.12 (s, 1H); 3.89-3.88 (m, 1H); 3.66-3.23 (m, 8H); 2.93-2.83 (m, 2H); 2.67-2.43 (m, 2H); 1.41 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 167.1; 157.5; 155.4; 79.1 (2C); 48.6; 45.0; 44.6; 43.1; 40.9; 34.8; 27.9 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 387.3; [M+Na] 409.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₈H₃₄N₄O₅Na [M+Na]=409.2427; found=409.2418.

Compound 27: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 5.13-5.09 (s, 2H); 3.56-3.52 (m, 3H); 3.39-3.36 (m, 2H); 3.15-3.12 (m, 2H); 2.80-2.76 (m, 4H); 2.37-2.31 (m, 2H); 1.81-1.63 (m, 2H); 1.37 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 170.8; 156.5; 156.2; 80.3; 79.1; 51.3; 46.0; 45.3; 44.5; 42.6; 41.5; 29.4; 28.2 (6C); 27.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 401.4; [M+Na] 423.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₉H₃₆N₄O₅Na [M+Na]=423.2583; found=423.2573.

b) Compounds Carrying a Group Derived from Ferulic Acid or from Gallic Acid

α—Preparation of the Synthon R′_(a)—OH Coming from Gallic Acid

The triple O-benzylation of the phenolic groups from gallic acid is described in literature (Carbohydr. Res., 2007, 342, 1510-1513).

β—Debenzylation of the R′_(a) Group Coming from Gallic Acid (Scheme 6)

To a suspension of the compound 22a or 22b (0.5 mmol) in methanol (20 mL), is added Pd/C (10% m/m). The reaction medium is placed under vacuum and under stirring at room temperature for 30 min, then kept under a flow of H₂ for 6 h. It is then filtered over paper and the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure in order to respectively give the derivative 28a or 28b (soluble in methanol, contrary to the starting product) in the form of a white powder or of an orange oil (99 or 100%).

Compound 28a: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.45 (s, 2H); 3.59-3.43 (m, 8H); 3.32-3.31 (m, 1H); 3.06-3.01 (m, 2H); 2.47-2.45 (m, 2H); 2.01-1.70 (m, 2H); 1.43 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.4; 171.9; 157.3 (2C); 157.0; 145.8 (2C); 135.3; 125.0; 106.3 (2C); 78.7 (2C); 50.5; 45.1 (2C); 43.8; 42.3 (2C); 33.5; 29.1; 27.4 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 553.1; [M+Na] 575.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₆H₄₀N₄O₉Na [M+Na]=575.2693; found=575.2719.

Compound 28b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.25 (s, 3H); 6.84 (s, 2H); 5.43 (s, 1H); 5.24-5.21 (s, 2H); 3.15-3.04 (m, 5H); 1.41-1.35 (m, 22H); 1.20-1.16 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 8 (ppm) 168.4; 156.7; 156.4; 144.3 (2C); 135.7; 124.6; 106.9 (2C); 79.1 (2C); 50.7; 44.2; 39.5; 31.9; 29.2; 27.9 (6C); 22.6.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 484.2; [M+Na] 506.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₃H₃₇N₃O₈Na [M+Na]=506.2478; found=506.2501.

γ—Final Deprotection of the Diamine Group (Scheme 7)

The compound 21a, 21b, 28a or 28b (0.3-0.4 mmol) is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (7-12 mL) in the presence of an off-the-shelf solution of HCl 4N in 1,4-dioxane (20 eq). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 45 min at 6 h. The 1,4-dioxane is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is crushed in ether. After evaporation under a vacuum (highly hygroscopic products), the precipitate obtained is lyophilised in order to respectively give the derivative 29a, 29b, 30a or 30b in the form of a yellow or beige powder (75, 66, 100 or 57%).

Compound 29a: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 9.52 (s, 1H); 8.57 (s, 2H); 8.46 (s, 2H); 7.44 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H); 7.33 (s, 1H); 7.10 (m, 2H); 6.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 3.83 (s, 3H); 3.71-3.45 (m, 9H); 3.12 (m, 2H); 2.60-2.58 (m, 2H); 1.89 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.7; 165.0; 162.9; 148.5; 142.4; 126.4; 122.5; 115.3; 114.2; 111.2; 55.7; 48.7; 39.7 (5C); 28.1; 25.3.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 377.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₉H₂₉N₄O₄ [M+H]=377.2189; found=377.2198.

Compound 29b: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.49 (s, 4H); 8.11-8.09 (s, 1H); 7.30 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H); 7.11 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.97 (dd, J₁=8.4 Hz and J₂=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.79 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); 6.49 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H); 3.78 (s, 3H); 3.42-3.39 (m, 1H); 3.17-3.05 (m, 4H); 1.64-1.62 (m, 2H); 1.46-1.40 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 165.3; 148.2; 147.7; 138.7; 126.3; 121.4; 119.0; 115.6; 110.7; 55.4; 48.9; 38.1 (2C); 29.5; 28.6; 21.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 308.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₆H₂₆N₃O₃ [M+H]=308.1974; found=308.1986.

Compound 30a: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.65 (s, 2H); 8.55 (s, 2H); 6.37 (s, 2H); 3.49-3.48 (m, 9H); 3.13 (m, 2H); 2.59 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H); 1.90-1.88 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.5; 169.3; 145.3 (2C); 134.5; 124.9; 106.3 (2C); 48.5; 40.0 (2C); 39.7; 38.3; 27.8; 25.0.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 352.9.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₆H₂₅N₄O₅ [M+H]=353.1825; found=353.1813.

Compound 30b: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.47 (s, 4H); 8.11 (s, 1H); 6.82 (s, 2H); 3.24-3.07 (m, 5H); 1.65-1.35 (m, 6H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 166.5; 145.4; 136.1; 125.0; 106.8 (2C); 49.0; 40.4 (2C); 29.6; 28.8; 21.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 284.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₃H₂₂N₃O₄ [M+H]=284.1610; found=284.1612.

c) Compounds Carrying a Hydroxypyridinone Group²²

α—Preparation of the Synthons R′_(a)—OH and R′_(a)—NHR_(b)

Preparation of the Synthons R′_(a)—OH and R′_(a)—NHR_(b) of the 3-benzyloxypyridin-2-one Type (Scheme 7):

Compound 31 (Synthesis, 2011, 57-64):

To a solution of 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (135 mmol) in acetonitrile (120 mL), are added cesium fluoride (0.1 eq) and acrylonitrile (3 eq) (Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43, 7379-7383; Synthesis, 2011, 57-64). The reaction medium is heated under reflux for 16 h. The acetonitrile is then evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a solution of Na₂CO₃ 10%, then a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 31 in the form of a white powder (93%) after recrystallisation in a AcOEt/Cyclohexane 50:50 mixture.

Compound 32 (Synthesis, 2011, 57-64):

The derivative 32 was prepared according to the synthesis described by Arumugam et al. (Synthesis, 2011, 57-64) in 2011.

Compound 33a (J. Med. Chem., 1990, 33, 1749-1755, Molecules, 2015, 20, 19393-19405):

1^(st) step: 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (50 mmol) is added to ethyl bromoacetate (5 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 48 h under Ar and the desired product is finally obtained after precipitation in ethyl acetate and filtration under vacuum.

2^(nd) step: To a solution of this intermediate (18 mmol) in a MeOH/H₂O 9:1 mixture (150 mL), is added a solution of NaOH 10.5N (2 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 30 min. Benzyl chloride (2 eq) is then introduced dropwise over a period of 30 min at room temperature and the mixture is again heated under reflux for 18 h. After filtration under vacuum and evaporation of the methanol under reduced pressure, the aqueous phase is extracted using dichloromethane, then acidified using HCl 6N. The desired product is finally extracted using dichloromethane. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 33a in the form of a white powder (36%).

Compound 33b:

To a solution of the compound 32 (1 eq) in water (20 mL/mmol), is added sodium hydroxide (12.5 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 1 h, then extracted using ethyl acetate in order to eliminate the remaining raw material. The aqueous phase is then acidified using a solution of HCl 6N and the desired compound is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed using a solution of saturated NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 33 in the form of a yellowish powder (65%).

Compound 33b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.43-7.32 (m, 5H); 7.25 (dd, J₁=6.9 Hz and J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.87 (dd, J₁=7.3 Hz and J₂=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.09 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 4.99 (s, 2H); 4.07 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); 2.65 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.9; 156.5; 147.5; 136.2; 130.1; 128.0 (2C); 127.5; 127.4 (2C); 115.1; 103.4; 69.4; 45.0; 32.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 273.8.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₅H₁₅NO₄Na [M+Na]=296.0899; found=296.0893.

Compound 34:

To a solution of the compound 32 (7.9 mmol) in methanol (80 mL), placed under stirring at 0° C., are added di-t-butyl dicarbonate (2 eq) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (0.1 eq). Sodium borohydride (7 eq) is then introduced in small portions over a period of 30 min and the mixture is placed under stirring at room temperature for 1 h. After the adding of diethylenetriamine (1 eq) and stirring again for 1 h, the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃, then NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 34 in the form of a whitish powder (84%).

Compound 34: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.33 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H); 7.25 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H); 7.19 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.80 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H); 6.55 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H); 5.96 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H); 5.49 (s, 1H); 5.01 (s, 2H); 3.95 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.01-2.96 (m, 2H); 1.81-1.75 (m, 2H); 1.33 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 158.3; 155.9; 148.5; 135.8; 128.4; 128.3 (2C); 127.8; 127.1 (2C); 115.1; 105.2; 78.6; 70.5; 46.0; 36.3; 29.7; 28.3 (3C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 358.9; [M+Na] 380.9.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₀H₂₆N₂O₄Na [M+Na]=381.1790; found=381.1782.

Compound 35:

The compound 34 (2.4 mmol) is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) in the presence of an off-the-shelf solution of HCl 4N in 1,4-dioxane (20 eq). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 18 h. The 1,4-dioxane is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is crushed in ether in order to give the derivative 35 in the form of a beige powder (100%), after filtration under a vacuum.

Compound 35: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.06-8.05 (s, 2H); 7.45-7.33 (m, 6H); 6.93 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 6.18 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.01 (s, 2H); 4.00 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); 2.75 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 1.98-1.93 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 175.1; 147.6; 136.1; 129.5; 128.0 (2C); 127.5 (3C); 115.3; 104.1; 69.4; 45.4; 35.9; 26.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 259.1; [M+H+MeCN] 300.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₂O₂ [M+H]=259.1436; found=259.1447.

Compound 39:

To a solution of the compound 34 (1.5 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), is added sodium hydride (1.4 eq). After 10 min of stirring at room temperature, methyl iodine (1.2 eq) is introduced and the mixture is placed under stirring at room temperature for 18 h (Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 3196-3199). After evaporation of the DMF under reduced pressure, the residue is taken in ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 39 in the form of a yellow oil (91%) after purification on a silica column (AcOEt/MeOH 50:50).

Compound 39: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.40 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 7.31 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H); 7.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.93-6.86 (m, 1H); 6.61 (d, J₁=7.4 Hz and J₂=1.6 Hz, 1H); 5.99 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.07 (s, 2H); 3.92 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 3.27 (m, 2H); 2.82 (s, 3H); 1.96 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 1.41 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 158.2; 149.0; 136.4; 128.6 (2C); 128.0; 127.4 (2C); 115.5; 104.8; 79.6; 70.8; 47.8; 45.8; 34.1; 28.5 (3C); 27.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 373.2; [M+Na] 395.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₁H₂₉N₂O₄ [M+H]=373.2127; found=373.2137.

Preparation of the Synthons R′_(a)—OH and R′_(a)—NHR_(b) of the 3-benzyloxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one Type (Scheme 8):

Compound 40 (J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41, 3347-3359, J. Inorg. Biochem., 2000, 78, 303-311):

To a solution of maltol (79.3 mmol) in methanol (80 mL), is added a solution of NaOH 10.5N (1.1 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 30 min. Benzyl chloride (1.2 eq) is then introduced dropwise over a period of 30 min at room temperature and the mixture is again heated under reflux for 18 h. After filtration under vacuum, the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue is then taken in water and the desired product is extracted using dichloromethane. The organic phase is washed with a solution of NaOH 5%, then a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 40 in the form of a yellow oil (88%).

Compounds 41a (J. Heterocyclic Chem., 1994, 31, 947-56) and 41b (J. Inorg. Biochem., 2000, 78, 303-311):

To a solution of NaOH (3 eq) in a EtOH/H₂O 1:1 mixture (100 mL), are added the compound 40 (18.5 mmol) and sodium glycinate or β-alanine (2 eq) (Bioconjugate Chem. 2005, 16, 1597-1609). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 18 h. After evaporation under a vacuum of the ethanol, the residue is taken in water and extracted using ethyl acetate in order to eliminate the remaining raw material. The aqueous phase is then concentrated under reduced pressure and acidified using a solution of HCl 6N and the derivative 41a or 41b is finally obtained after precipitation, filtration under vacuum and washing with water, in the form of a whitish powder (48 or 45%).

Compound 42 (Dalton Trans., 2004, 3772-3781):

To a solution of NaOH (0.5 eq) in a EtOH/H₂O 1:1 mixture (20 mL), are added the compound 40 (18.5 mmol) and 1,3-diaminopropane (1.1 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 18 h. After evaporation under a vacuum of the ethanol, the aqueous phase is acidified using HCl 6N and extracted using ethyl acetate in order to eliminate the remaining raw material. The aqueous phase is then neutralised using a solution of NaOH 6N and the desired product is extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure. After stirring of the intermediate compound at room temperature for 2 h in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) in the presence of an off-the-shelf solution of HCl 4N in 1,4-dioxane (5 eq) and evaporation under reduced pressure of the 1,4-dioxane, the residue obtained is crushed in ether in order to give the derivative 42 in the form of a white powder (48%).

β—Various Pharmacomodulations Carried Out on “linker”

Reduction in the Carbonyl groups of the Compound 23f (Scheme 9):

To a solution of the compound 23f (1 mmol) in THF (100 mL), is added dropwise a solution of borane/dimethyl sulphide 2M complex in THF (5 eq) (J. Med. Chem., 2005, 48, 3891-3902). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 2 h. After cooling, the borane is scavenged using MeOH and the mixture is again heated under reflux for 18 h. After evaporation under a vacuum of the MeOH, the residue is taken in a EtOH/NaOH 1N 5:1 mixture brought to reflux for 2 h. The aqueous phase is finally extracted using ethyl acetate after evaporation of the ethanol. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 43 in the form of a colourless oil (44%) after purification on a silica column (AcOEt/MeOH 50:50).

Compound 43: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.40 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H); 7.32 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 7.26 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); 6.93 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.61 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H); 5.96 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.27 (s, 3H); 5.08 (m, 2H); 4.98 (s, 1H); 3.99 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H);

3.57 (m, 1H); 3.14 (m, 2H); 2.43-2.31 (m, 10H); 1.92 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H); 1.54-1.52 (m, 2H); 1.40 (m, 20H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 158.5 (2C); 149.0; 136.8; 129.8; 128.7 (2C); 128.1; 127.5 (2C); 115.7; 104.5; 79.4 (2C); 70.9; 58.2; 54.8 (2C); 53.4; 53.0; 51.2; 48.2; 45.1; 30.7; 29.9; 28.6 (6C); 26.0; 23.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 628.3; [M+Na] 650.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₄H₅₄N₅O₆ [M+H]=628.4074; found=628.4080.

Preparation of an N-Methylated and Decarbonylated Analogue of the Compound 23c (Scheme 10):

Compound 44

1^(st) step: The compound 39 (0.7 mmol) is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) in the presence of an off-the-shelf solution of HCl 4N in 1,4-dioxane (20 eq). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 6 h. The dioxane is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is crushed in ether in order to give the corresponding ammonia chlorhydrate in the form of a precipitate.

2^(nd) step: To a solution of the compound 10 (0.8 mmol) in DMF (20 mL), placed under stirring at 0° C., are successively added 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide chlorhydrate (1.2 eq), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (1.1 eq). After 30 min of stirring at 0° C., the intermediate amine derivative (1 eq) is introduced with triethylamine (1.2 eq) in the reaction medium which is then kept under stirring at room temperature for 18 h. After evaporation of the DMF and taking of the residue in the ethyl acetate, the organic phase is washed with a solution of HCl 1N, NaHCO₃, then saturated NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give after purification on a silica column (AcOEt/MeOH 50:50) the compound 45 (89%).

Compound 44: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.39 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H); 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H); 7.27-7.25 (m, 1H); 7.01 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H); 6.61 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 5.99 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.06 (s, 2H); 5.02 (m, 2H); 3.95-3.88 (m, 2H); 3.60-3.59 (m, 1H); 3.46-3.29 (m, 2H); 3.17-3.15 (m, 2H); 2.95 (s, 3H); 2.43-2.29 (m, 2H); 2.02-1.92 (m, 2H); 1.85-1.77 (m, 2H); 1.39 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.0; 158.4 (2C); 149.2; 136.6; 129.7; 128.8 (2C); 128.3; 127.6 (2C); 115.9; 104.9; 79.5; 79.4; 71.0; 51.7; 48.1; 45.3; 45.1; 35.4; 30.1; 28.6 (6C); 27.9; 27.0.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+Na] 609.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₁H₄₆N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=609.3264; found=609.3268.

Compound 45

To a solution of the compound 44 (0.5 mmol) in THF (30 mL), is added dropwise a solution of borane/dimethyl sulphide 2M complex in THF (2.5 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 2 h. After cooling, the borane is scavenged using MeOH and the mixture is again heated under reflux for 18 h. After evaporation under a vacuum of the MeOH, the residue is taken in a EtOH/NaOH 1N 5:1 mixture brought to reflux for 2 h. The aqueous phase is finally extracted using ethyl acetate after evaporation of the ethanol. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 45 in the form of a brown powder (82%) after purification on a silica column (AcOEt/MeOH 70:30).

Compound 45: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.41 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H); 7.33 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H); 7.26 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.94 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 6.63 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H); 6.00 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.08 (s, 2H); 5.08 (s, 2H); 5.06-5.01 (m, 2H); 3.99 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H); 3.58 (m, 1H); 3.16-3.15 (m, 2H); 2.37-2.30 (m, 4H); 2.17 (s, 3H); 1.92 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H); 1.51-1.50 (m, 2H); 1.40 (m, 20H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 158.2 (2C); 149.0; 136.5; 129.6; 128.6 (2C); 128.0; 127.4 (2C); 115.7; 104.6; 79.3 (2C); 70.8; 57.2; 54.4; 51.3; 48.1; 45.0; 41.6; 30.7; 28.5 (6C); 23.4; 21.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 573.4; [M+Na] 595.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₃₁H₄₉N₄O₆ [M+H]=573.3652; found=573.3664.

Preparation of an Aliphatic “Linker” Carrier Devoid of an Amide Function (Scheme 11):

Compound 46:

To a solution of NaOH (0.5 eq) in a EtOH/H₂O 1:1 mixture (120 mL), are added the compound 40 (5.1 mmol) and the compound 20 (0.7 eq). The reaction medium is then heated under reflux for 24 h (Dalton Trans., 2004, 3772-3781). After evaporation under a vacuum of the ethanol, the aqueous phase is neutralised using HCl 6N and extracted using ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and finally evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 46 in the form of a yellow powder (61%) after purification on a silica column (AcOEt/MeOH 90:10).

Compound 46: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.38 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H); 7.32-7.26 (m, 3H); 7.16 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 6.39 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 5.03 (s, 2H); 4.95-4.93 (s, 2H); 3.71-3.76 (m, 2H); 3.59 (m, 1H); 3.14 (m, 2H); 2.06 (s, 3H); 1.66-1.55 (m, 2H); 1.40-1.35 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.5; 156.6 (2C); 146.4; 141.0; 138.3; 137.9; 129.3 (2C); 128.4 (2C); 128.1; 117.5; 79.7 (2C); 73.1; 53.9; 51.2; 44.7; 32.6; 30.9; 28.5 (6C); 23.0; 12.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 530.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₉H₄₄N₃O₆ [M+H]=530.3230; found=530.3245.

γ—Debenzylation of the R′_(a) Group (Scheme 12)

To a solution of the compound 23a-k, 43, 45 or 46 (0.2-1.6 mmol) in methanol (5-40 mL), is added Pd/C (10% m/m). The reaction medium is placed under vacuum and under stirring at room temperature for 30 min, and then kept under a flow of H₂ for 6 h. It is then filtered over paper and the methanol is evaporated under reduced pressure in order to give the derivative 36a-n (60 to 100%) (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Compounds 36 Yield Compound n₁ X Y′ R′_(a) R_(b) (%) Aspect 36a 2 CH₂ N

H 100 White powder 36b 3 CH₂ N

H 87 Yellow powder 36c 2 CO N

H 100 Brown oil 36d 1 CO

Non- existent 100 Brown powder 36e 2 CO

Non- existent 95 White powder 36f 2 CO

Non- existent 82 Brown powder 36g 2 CH₂ N

H 78 White powder 36h 3 CH₂ N

H 71 White powder 36i 3 CH₂ N

H 100 Orange oil 36j 2 CO N

H 60 White powder 36k 2 CO

Non- existent 100 White powder 36l 2 CH₂

Non- existent 94 Brown powder 36m 2 CH₂ N

CH₃ 96 Brown powder 36n 1 CH₂ CH₂

Non- existent 91 Brown powder

Compound 36a: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 600 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.95 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H); 6.92 (s, 1H); 6.82 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.14 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.18 (s, 1H); 5.04-5.03 (s, 1H); 4.25 (m, 2H); 3.56-3.54 (m, 1H); 3.17-3.16 (m, 2H); 3.09 (m, 2H); 2.68 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 1.50-1.40 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 150 MHz): δ (ppm) 170.3; 158.7; 157.0; 156.7; 146.7; 128.6; 115.2; 107.2; 79.7 (2C); 50.8; 47.3; 44.8; 39.5; 35.5; 29.9; 28.6 (6C); 25.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 483.3; [M+Na] 505.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₃H₃₈N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=505.2638; found=505.2644.

Compound 36b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.96 (dd, J₁=6.9 Hz and J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.80 (dd, J₁=7.4 Hz and J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.52-6.51 (s, 1H); 6.12 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (s, 1H); 4.88-4.86 (s, 1H); 4.26 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.55-3.53 (m, 1H); 3.13-3.08 (m, 4H); 2.68 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 1.79-1.50 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 18H); 1.35-1.23 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.7; 158.3 (2C); 146.2; 128.2; 114.6; 106.7; 79.5 (2C); 51.1; 46.9; 44.3; 38.8; 35.1; 31.9; 28.8; 28.2 (6C); 22.6.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M−2Boc+3H] 296.9; [M−Boc+2H] 397.0; [M+H] 497.1; [M+Na] 519.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₄H₄₀N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=519.2795; found=519.2801.

Compound 36c: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.34 (s, 1H); 6.89 (dd, J₁=6.9 Hz and J₂=1.2 Hz, 1H); 6.83 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.19 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 5.33-5.23 (s, 2H); 4.06 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H); 3.67-3.64 (m, 1H); 3.28-3.17 (m, 4H); 2.30 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 1.93 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 1.95-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.3; 172.4; 158.6; 156.8; 146.5; 127.0; 114.6; 107.6; 79.4 (2C); 51.2; 47.1; 44.5; 35.9; 33.0; 29.3; 28.2 (6C); 25.4.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 483.4; [M+Na] 505.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₃H₃₈N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=505.2638; found=505.2652.

Compound 36d: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 600 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.03-7.01 (m, 1H); 6.80 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H); 6.10 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.66 (s, 1H); 4.98 (s, 1H); 4.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H); 3.89 (m, 1H); 3.66-3.31 (m, 8H); 3.23-3.21 (m, 2H); 2.87-2.85 (m, 2H); 2.67-2.46 (m, 2H); 1.39 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 150 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.5; 169.0; 158.6; 157.0; 156.1; 146.5; 128.9; 115.1; 107.0; 79.8; 79.7; 49.5; 47.3; 45.8 (2C); 43.9; 41.8 (2C); 35.4; 32.1; 28.6 (6C).

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M−2Boc+3H] 352.1; [M−Boc+2H] 452.2; [M+H] 552.2; [M+Na] 574.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₆H₄₁N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=574.2853; found=574.2849.

Compound 36e: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.80 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 6.18 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.06-4.99 (s, 2H); 4.85-4.71 (m, 2H); 3.86-3.38 (m, 9H); 3.21-3.15 (m, 2H); 2.46-2.32 (m, 2H); 1.92-1.64 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.6; 165.4; 158.9; 157.2; 156.6; 146.7; 128.1; 114.9; 107.2; 79.8 (2C); 51.6; 49.9; 45.2; 44.8; 42.5; 41.8; 41.5; 30.0; 28.6 (6C); 28.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 552.3; [M+Na] 574.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₆H₄₁N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=574.2853; found=574.2832.

Compound 36f: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.01-7.00 (m, 1H); 7.76 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 6.09 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (s, 2H); 4.23 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H); 3.67-3.36 (m, 9H); 3.12 (m, 2H); 2.83 (m, 2H); 2.36-2.30 (m, 2H); 1.80-1.62 (m, 2H); 1.35 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.3; 169.0; 158.6; 156.7; 156.4; 146.5; 128.6; 114.8; 106.7; 79.3 (2C); 51.4; 47.1; 45.2; 44.4 (2C); 41.6 (2C); 31.7; 29.4; 28.4 (6C); 27.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 566.3; [M+Na] 588.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₇H₄₃N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=588.3009; found=588.2980.

Compound 36g: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.49 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 6.33 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 4.70 (s, 2H); 3.53-3.51 (m, 1H); 3.19-3.17 (m, 2H); 3.07-2.91 (m, 2H); 2.26 (s, 3H); 1.56-1.44 (m, 4H); 1.42 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.9; 167.1; 157.3; 157.0; 145.5; 139.0; 131.9; 111.1; 78.6 (2C); 55.5; 50.5; 44.1; 39.2; 29.6; 27.4 (6C); 25.4; 10.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 483.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₃H₃₈N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=505.2638; found=505.2636.

Compound 36 h: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.57 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 6.41 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H); 4.77 (s, 2H); 3.57 (m, 1H); 3.14-3.11 (m, 2H); 3.02-2.98 (m, 2H); 2.34 (s, 3H); 1.58-1.49 (m, 2H); 1.40 (s, 20H); 1.39-1.35 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.9; 167.1; 157.3; 157.0; 145.5; 139.0; 131.9; 111.1; 78.6 (2C); 55.5; 50.7; 44.0; 39.1; 31.6; 28.7; 27.4 (6C); 22.9; 10.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 497.3; [M+Na] 519.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₄H₄₀N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=519.2795; found=519.2789.

Compound 36i: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.37 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 4.37-4.33 (m, 2H); 3.53 (m, 1H); 3.13-3.07 (m, 2H); 3.00-2.95 (m, 2H); 2.64 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H); 2.46 (s, 3H); 1.44 (s, 18H); 1.44-1.40 (m, 4H); 1.40-1.23 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.5; 170.8; 158.5; 158.2; 147.1; 139.0; 132.5; 112.5; 80.0 (2C); 51.4; 50.3; 45.4; 40.2; 37.6; 32.9; 30.0; 28.8 (6C); 24.3; 11.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 511.3; [M+Na] 533.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₅H₄₂N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=533.2951; found=533.2935.

Compound 36j: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.39 (m, 2H); 6.31 (m, 1H); 5.40-5.33 (s, 2H); 3.95 (m, 2H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.40-3.13 (m, 4H); 2.35 (s, 3H); 2.24 (m, 2H); 1.96-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 174.2; 169.8; 157.7 (2C); 146.8; 137.5; 129.3; 111.6; 80.2 (2C); 52.2; 51.6; 44.9; 36.8; 33.5; 31.4; 30.2; 28.7 (6C); 12.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 497.2; [M+Na] 519.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₄H₄₀N₄O₇Na [M+Na]=519.2795; found=519.2795.

Compound 36k: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.26 (m, 1H); 6.35 (m, 1H); 5.98 (s, 2H); 5.13 (m, 2H); 4.88 (m, 1H); 3.67-3.66 (m, 8H); 3.14 (m, 2H); 2.35 (m, 2H); 2.17 (s, 3H); 1.80-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.6; 168.9; 164.5; 156.9 (2C); 142.8; 138.6; 128.5; 111.5; 79.6 (2C); 55.0; 50.7; 45.2; 44.9; 44.6; 42.1; 41.5; 29.9; 28.4 (6C); 28.1; 12.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 566.3; [M+Na] 588.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₇H₄₃N₅O₈Na [M+Na]=588.3009; found=588.3002.

Compound 361: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.83 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.76 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H); 6.11 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.17-5.08 (s, 2H); 4.02 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); 3.56 (m, 1H); 3.15-3.12 (m, 4H); 2.91-2.83 (m, 6H); 2.57-2.56 (m, 2H); 2.12 (m, 2H); 1.80-1.78 (m, 2H); 1.37 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 159.0; 157.2; 156.3; 147.0; 127.4; 114.3; 107.1; 79.7 (2C); 56.9; 54.4; 51.1; 50.2 (2C); 48.4; 44.7 (2C); 30.1; 28.6 (6C); 27.3; 25.5; 21.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 538.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C ₂₇H₄₈N₅O₆ [M+H]=538.3605; found=538.3611.

Compound 36m: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.85 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H); 6.77 (dd, J₁=7.3 Hz and J₂=1.5Hz, 1H); 6.12 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.07 (s, 2H); 4.02-3.88 (m, 2H); 3.59 (m, 1H); 3.16 (m, 2H); 2.34-2.32 (m, 4H); 2.16 (s, 3H); 1.90 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H); 1.51 (m, 4H); 1.41 (s, 18H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 159.3; 156.9 (2C); 147.1; 127.6; 113.7; 106.8; 79.5 (2C); 57.5; 54.5; 51.4; 48.3; 45.1; 42.0; 31.4; 28.6 (6C); 26.8; 24.4.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 483.4; [M+Na] 505.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₄H₄₃N₄O₆ [M+]=483.3183; found=483.3172.

Compound 36n: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.86 (m, 1H); 7.03-7.02 (m, 2H); 5.19-5.10 (m, 2H); 4.19 (m, 2H); 3.59 (m, 1H); 3.13 (m, 2H); 2.51 (s, 3H); 1.84-1.78 (m, 2H); 1.39-1.38 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 161.5; 157.1; 156.6; 144.5; 138.4; 137.5; 112.3; 79.6 (2C); 56.3; 51.2; 44.6; 32.3; 30.3; 28.6 (6C); 22.8; 12.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 440.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₂H₃₈N₃O₆ [M+H]=440.2761; found=440.2749.

δ—Final Deprotection of the Diamine Group (Scheme 13)

The compound 36a-n or 23b (0.2-1.7 mmol) is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (4-10 mL) in the presence of an off-the-shelf solution of HCl 4N in 1,4-dioxane (20 eq). The reaction medium is then placed under stirring at room temperature for 45 min at 16 h. The dioxane is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is crushed in ether. After evaporation under a vacuum (highly hygroscopic products), the precipitate obtained is lyophilised in order to give the derivative 37a-n or 38 (78 to 100%) (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Compounds 37 and 38 Yield Compound n₁ X Y′ R′_(a) R_(b) (%) Aspect 37a 2 CH₂ N

H 100 Yellow powder 37b 3 CH₂ N

H 100 Yellow powder 37c 2 CO N

H 93 White powder 37d 1 CO

Non- existent 88 White powder 37e 2 CO

Non- existent 100 Beige powder 37f 2 CO

Non- existent 100 Yellow powder 37g 2 CH₂ N

H 100 White powder 37h 3 CH₂ N

H 100 White powder 37i 3 CH₂ N

H 100 White powder 37j 2 CO N

H 100 White powder 37k 2 CO

Non- existent 100 White powder 37l 2 CH₂

Non- existent 78 White powder 37m 2 CH₂ N

CH₃ 87 White powder 37n 1 CH₂ CH₂

Non- existent 86 White powder 38 3 CH₂ N

H 100 Orange powder

Compound 37a: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.16 (dd, J₁=6.8 Hz and J₂=1.4 Hz, 1H); 7.05 (dd, J₁=7.5 Hz and J₂=1.4 Hz, 1H); 6.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 4.30 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 3.67-3.64 (m, 1H); 3.35-3.34 (m, 2H); 3.18 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H); 2.72 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 1.76-1.57 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 173.3; 158.5; 145.5; 129.4; 118.8; 108.5; 49.0; 47.4; 40.9; 38.7; 35.3; 27.5; 24.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 283.1.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₃H₂₃N₄O₃ [M+H]=283.1770; found=283.1765.

Compound 37b: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.59 (s, 4H); 8.10-8.07 (s, 1H); 7.08 (dd, J₁=6.9 Hz and J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.70 (dd, J₁=7.2 Hz and J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.07 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 4.10 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); 3.40-3.38 (m, 1H); 3.09-3.00 (m, 4H); 2.53-2.49 (m, 2H); 1.63-1.58 (m, 2H); 1.19 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 169.6; 157.8; 146.8; 128.6; 115.0; 105.4; 49.1; 45.9; 40.6; 38.2; 34.8; 29.7; 28.6; 21.9.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 296.9.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₄H₂₅N₄O₃ [M+H]=297.1927; found=297.1914.

Compound 37c: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.63 (s, 2H); 8.54 (s, 2H); 8.30 (s, 1H); 7.20 (dd, J₁=6.8 Hz and J₂=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.72 (dd, J₁=7.2 Hz and J₂=1.8 Hz, 1H); 6.11 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 3.96-3.87 (m, 2H); 3.49-3.46 (m, 1H); 3.11-3.04 (m, 4H); 2.32-2.31 (m, 2H); 1.90-1.75 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 75 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.2; 157.6; 146.6; 128.2; 114.8; 105.5; 48.7; 46.6; 40.3; 35.8; 30.8; 28.7; 26.1.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 283.0.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₃H₂₃N₄O₃ [M+H]=283.1810; found=283.1800.

Compound 37d: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.20 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H); 7.03 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H); 6.39 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 4.32-4.28 (m, 1H); 4.06-4.02 (m, 2H); 3.69-3.45 (m, 8H); 3.17-3.10 (m, 2H); 3.04-3.01 (m, 2H); 2.99-2.95 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.8; 171.5; 168.8; 158.5; 129.5; 118.9; 108.3; 47.1; 45.5; 45.3; 44.7; 44.3; 41.5; 40.7; 33.2; 31.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 352.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₆H₂₆N₅O₄ [M+H]=352.1985; found=352.1977.

Compound 37e: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.14-7.08 (m, 2H); 6.44 (m, 1H); 5.01 (s, 2H); 3.94-3.85 (m, 1H); 3.66 (m, 8H); 3.17 (m, 2H); 2.78-2.76 (m, 2H); 2.13-2.08 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.5; 167.2; 158.7; 145.4; 130.1; 119.2; 108.3; 51.2; 49.2; 44.6; 44.1; 42.9; 41.7; 41.3; 28.5; 25.3.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 352.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₆H₂₆N₅O₄ [M+H]=352.1985; found=352.1981.

Compound 37f: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.20 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H); 7.03 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H); 6.39 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 4.30 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.75-3.60 (m, 4H); 3.55-3.52 (m, 5H); 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H); 2.98-2.95 (m, 2H); 2.74-2.68 (m, 2H); 2.11-2.03 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.7; 161.7; 158.8; 145.3; 129.5; 118.6; 108.3; 49.0; 47.0; 45.1; 44.4; 41.5; 41.2; 40.6; 31.4; 28.3; 25.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 366.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₇H₂₈N₅O₄ [M+H]=366.2146; found=366.2134.

Compound 37g: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.22 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H); 7.16 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H); 5.29 (s, 2H); 3.66-3.61 (m, 1H); 3.35-3.31 (m, 4H); 2.53 (s, 3H); 1.90-1.73 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 167.1; 160.7; 145.0; 144.3; 141.2; 111.5; 59.4; 51.0; 42.4; 40.1; 29.1; 26.2; 13.3.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 283.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₃H₂₃N₄O₃ [M+H]=283.1770; found=283.1772.

Compound 37 h: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.15 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 7.12 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H); 5.22 (s, 2H); 3.58-3.56 (m, 1H); 3.29-3.25 (m, 4H); 2.48 (s, 3H); 1.81-1.73 (m, 2H); 1.62-1.49 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 166.8; 160.4; 144.8; 143.9; 140.8; 111.4; 59.1; 50.9; 42.9; 40.3; 31.0; 29.7; 23.2; 12.9.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 297.2; [M+Na] 319.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₄H₂₅N₄O₃ [M+H]=297.1927; found=297.1913.

Compound 37i: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.97 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H); 7.18 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H); 4.68 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 3.71-3.65 (m, 1H); 3.38-3.37 (m, 2H); 3.16 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H); 3.08-3.04 (s, 1H); 2.88 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H); 2.56 (s, 3H); 1.85-1.74 (m, 2H); 1.52-1.38 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.3 (2C); 158.2; 142.4; 138.7; 110.9; 52.7; 49.2; 40.8; 38.9; 35.8; 29.6; 27.9; 21.6; 12.3.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 311.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₅H₂₇N₄O₃ [M+H]=311.2083; found=311.2075.

Compound 37j: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.28 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H); 7.13 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H); 4.44 (m, 2H); 3.33-3.29 (m, 5H); 2.64 (s, 3H); 2.57 (m, 2H); 2.08-2.07 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 174.9; 159.8; 145.2; 143.4; 139.4; 111.7; 55.7; 50.6; 41.9; 37.3; 32.2; 31.0; 27.1; 12.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 297.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₄H₂₅N₄O₃ [M+H]=297.1927; found=297.1931.

Compound 37k: ¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 7.19 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 5.53 (s, 2H); 3.72-3.55 (m, 9H); 3.41-3.39 (m, 2H); 2.81-2.75 (m, 2H); 2.47 (s, 3H); 2.16-2.08 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 172.4; 165.2; 159.4; 143.4; 142.5; 139.9; 111.1; 57.2; 49.1; 44.5; 44.1; 42.2; 41.4; 40.7; 28.5; 25.3; 12.5.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 366.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₇H₂₈N₅O₄ [M+H]=366.2141; found=366.2133.

Compound 371: ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 6.83 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.76 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H); 6.11 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); 5.17-5.08 (s, 2H); 4.02 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); 3.56 (m, 1H); 3.15-3.12 (m, 4H); 2.91-2.83 (m, 6H); 2.57-2.56 (m, 2H); 2.12 (m, 2H); 1.80-1.78 (m, 2H); 1.37 (m, 22H).

¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 159.0; 157.2; 156.3; 147.0; 127.4; 114.3; 107.1; 79.7 (2C); 56.9; 54.4; 51.1; 50.2 (2C); 48.4; 44.7 (2C); 30.1; 28.6 (6C); 27.3; 25.5; 21.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 338.3.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₇H₃₂N₅O₂ [M+H]=338.2556; found=338.2552.

Compound 37m: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.49 (m, 1H); 7.14 (m, 1H); 6.60-6.59 (m, 1H); 4.34-4.30 (m, 2H); 3.82-3.78 (m, 1H); 3.40-3.34 (m, 4H); 3.31-3.26 (m, 2H); 2.95 (s, 3H); 2.35-2.31 (m, 2H); 2.03-1.91 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 158.8; 147.8; 130.1; 121.2; 112.2; 56.8; 54.6; 50.3; 49.8; 42.1; 40.9; 28.5; 25.4; 21.2.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 283.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₄H₂₇N₄O₂ [M+]=283.2134; found=283.2133.

Compound 37n: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 8.25 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H); 7.13 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H); 4.42 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H); 3.64-3.61 (m, 1H); 3.31-3.27 (m, 2H); 2.64 (s, 3H); 1.93-1.82 (m, 4H); 1.57-1.56 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 159.5; 145.0; 143.1; 139.6; 111.8; 57.4; 50.6; 42.0; 31.0; 30.7; 22.7; 12.7.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 240.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₁₂H₂₂N₃O₂ [M+H]=240.1712; found=240.1713.

Compound 38: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ (ppm) 7.46 (s, 2H); 7.37-7.27 (m, 3H); 6.58 (m, 1H); 5.21 (m, 2H); 4.40 (m, 2H); 3.62 (m, 1H); 3.32-3.31 (m, 2H); 3.19 (m, 2H); 2.77 (m, 2H); 1.80 (m, 2H); 1.53 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ (ppm) 171.4;157.1; 147.2; 135.7; 130.3; 128.6 (2C); 128.2; 127.8 (2C); 119.3; 109.5; 71.0; 49.6; 40.8; 38.5; 34.7; 32.4; 29.7; 28.3; 21.8.

MS (ESI+): m/z=[M+H] 387.2.

HRMS (ESI+): m/z calculated for C₂₁H₃₁N₄O₃ [M+H]=387.2396; found=387.2382.

B. Physico-Chemical Studies

I) Evaluation of the Formation of Adducts Between the Compounds According to the Invention (29a, 29b, 30a, 30b; 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37f, 37i, 37j) and of α-Oxoaldehydes or of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes by HPLC Analysis

1—Principle

The compounds to be tested are incubated at 37° C. in the presence of MGO or of MDA. A kinetic study aiming to report on the formation of adducts with the MGO or MDA is then carried out via HPLC analysis.

2—Method

a) Preparation of the Solutions

The compounds to be tested (30 μmol) are dissolved in PBS (1.5 mL). An aqueous solution (qsp 1.25 mL) of MGO at 40% in water (250 μmol) is then prepared and in parallel, MDA bis-(diOEt)-acetal (250 μmol) is set to react with a solution of HCl 1N (2 eq) in water (qsp 1.25 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. An aqueous solution of NaOH 0.05N is also required to neutralise the reaction medium (5 mL).

b) Incubation of the Mixtures at 37° C.

The solution of the compound to be tested (625 μL—final concentration in the medium=10 mM) is then set to react with the solution of MGO or of MDA prepared extemporaneously (125 μL—final concentration in the medium=20 mM) in the presence of NaOH 0.05 N (0.5 mL).

The various mixtures are then incubated in the oven at 37° C. for 24 h.

c) Analysis Via HPLC

A sampling of each mixture (100 μL) is taken at regular intervals of time (0.25; 0.5; 1; 5 and 24 h) and stored at −20° C. in order to stop the reaction. After dilution in a MeCN/H₂O 98:2 mixture at room temperature, the HPLC analysis is carried out on a Shimadzu LCMS-2020 apparatus (UV chromatogram at 190 nm and mass spectrum in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI+)) after separation on the Waters Acquity column using a gradient of solvents H₂O+HCOOH 0.1%/MeCN+HCOOH 0.1% (98/2 for 2 min, then 55/45 for 2 min and 45/55 for 3 min) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min at 40° C. and an injection of volume of 1 (“detection mode: scan, interface voltage: tuning file, DL voltage: 100 V, Q-array DC: 40 V, Q-array RF: 40 V”). A blank is first of all carried out using a solution containing the reaction medium without scavenger. Then, a free scavenger solution at 10 mM is used as a negative control and the carnosine as a reference of the literature. The proportion of adducts formed with the MGO or MDA (generally, t_(R)=4.1 to 6.8 min) is then measured in relation to the quantity of remaining free scavenger (generally, t_(R)=0.8 to 4.6 min) after measurement of the area under the curve of the corresponding peaks on the UV spectrum (measurements taken for a representative sample).

3—Results and Discussion

a) Evaluation of the Formation of Adducts with the MGO (FIG. 2)

First of all, a disappearance of the free scavenger is observed to the benefit of various adducts with the MGO that is much faster with the novel compounds according to the invention than with the 2^(nd) generation derivatives (Dap-Pip and Dap-(nBu)Pip) or the carnosine (FIG. 2). The increased effectiveness of this novel series of diamine derivatives as MGO scavengers, linked to the separation of the carbonyl group with respect to the diamine function, was therefore able to be demonstrated. Compounds 37a, 37b, 37c, 37f, 37i and 37j carrying a hydroxypyridinone group appear in addition as the most reactive with an activity comparable to that of hydralazine and an almost total disappearance of the free scavenger after 15 min of incubation. We were also able to identify three types of possible adducts with the MGO (Adduct A (AdA) of type 1:1 which is a scavenger molecule for two molecules of MGO; Adduct B (AdB) of type 1:2; Adduct C (AdC) of type 2:1) with a frequent change to the observation of a majority adduct of type 1:2, carrying a pyrazine cycle (AdB) (FIG. 3). Finally, note that the results obtained with the compound 29a were not able to be represented graphically (ND=Not Determined) because it was not possible to obtain a separation between the free scavenger and the adducts with the MGO in this case during the HPLC analysis. However, a trend towards a majority presence of AdB with regards to the free scavenger seems to be formed after 5 h of reaction.

b) Evaluation of the Formation of Adducts with the MDA (FIG. 4)

In particular the formation of an adduct carrying a 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-diazepine (Adduct D (AdD)) cycle is observed with all of the compounds according to the invention (FIG. 4 and FIG. 5). The derivatives 30b, 37c, 37d, 37f, 37i and 37j have shown to be the most reactive with a consequent disappearance of the scavenger tested to the benefit of the adducts with the MDA after 1 h (>81% of adducts). Note that the results obtained with the compound 29a were again not able to be represented graphically (ND=Not Determined) because as with the MGO, we were not able to find any separation between the free scavenger and the adducts with the MDA during the HPLC analysis. In this case, a trend towards a majority presence of AdD with regards to the free scavenger seems to be formed only after 24 h of reaction.

II) Evaluation of the Cu²⁺ Chelating Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention ((29a, 29b, 30a, 30b; 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37f, 37i, 37j) by UV/Visible Light Spectrophotometry

1—Principle:

The compounds to be tested are incubated at RT in the presence of Cu²⁺ for 10 min. The remaining quantity of free Cu²⁺ is determined after complexation by the murexide (Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2009, 10, 5485-5497; Molecules, 2012, 17, 13457-13472). A measurement of the absorbance at 485 nm (A₄₈₅) of the Cu²⁺/murexide (orange) complex and of the absorbance at 520 nm (A₅₂₀) of the free murexide (pink) is indeed taken by UV/Visible light spectrophotometry. The remaining quantity of free Cu²⁺ is then evaluated using the straight-line calibration equation giving the ratio A₄₈₅/A₅₂₀ according to the concentration in Cu²⁺ obtained beforehand. From this was deduced in the end the percentage of complexation of the Cu²⁺ by the compounds tested.

2—Method:

a) Preparation of the Solutions

A Hexamine buffer 0.01 M/KCl 0.01 M (qsp 200 mL) of which the pH is adjusted to 5 using a solution of HCl 1N is first of all prepared. Solutions of CuSO₄.5H₂O at 0.5 mM (20 mL) and 0.25 mM (100 mL) are then carried out in this buffer, with the first being used to obtain the calibration curve. An aqueous solution of murexide at 1 mM must also be prepared extemporaneously (10 mL) as well as a stock solution of the compounds to be tested at 4.2 mM in Hexamine buffer 0.01 M/KCl 0.01 M or in a buffer and MeOH 75/25 mixture (6.2 mL).

b) Incubation of the Mixtures at RT

Various concentrations of the compounds to be tested are distributed in Hexamine buffer 0.01M/KCl 0.01M (pH=5) (Table 5) or in a buffer and MeOH 75/25 mixture in tubes for hemolysis (Table 6). The solution of CuSO₄.5H₂O at 0.25 mM (1 mL) is then added and this is allowed to incubate at RT for 10 min. Finally, the aqueous solution of murexide at 1 mM (0.1 mL) is introduced and is again allowed to incubate at RT for 1 min. The absorbances are then measured at 485 nm (A₄₈₅) and 520 nm (A₅₂₀) by UV/Visible light spectrophotometry (V-650 JASCO spectrometer) (measurements taken in triplicates). A blank is used containing Hexamine buffer 0.01 M/KCl 0.01 M (pH=5) (2 mL) and water (0.1 mL), and ethylenediamine (EDA) as a reference of the literature as a Cu²⁺ chelator.

TABLE 5 Preparation of the various concentrations of the compound to be tested in Hexamine buffer 0.01M/KCl 0.01M (pH = 5) Final concentration Volume of the stock Volume of Hexamine of the compound solution of the buffer 0.01M/ to be tested compound to be tested KCl 0.01M (mM) (μL) (pH = 5) (μL) 0 0 1000 0.02 10 990 0.05 25 975 0.08 40 960 0.10 50 950 0.20 100 900 0.50 250 750 1 500 500 2 1000 0

TABLE 6 Preparation of the various concentrations of the compound to be tested in a Hexamine buffer 0.01M/KCl 0.01M (pH = 5) and MeOH 75/25 mixture Volume of the Volume of Final concentration stock solution Hexamine of the compound of the compound buffer 0.01M/ Volume of to be tested to be tested KCl 0.01M MeOH (mM) (μL) (pH = 5) (μL) (μL) 0 0 750 250 0.02 10 743 247 0.05 25 731 244 0.08 40 720 240 0.10 50 713 237 0.20 100 675 225 0.50 250 563 187 1 500 375 125 2 1000 0 0

Calibration curves are produced beforehand after the distribution of the various concentrations of CuSO₄.5H₂O in Hexamine buffer 0.01 M/KCl 0.01 M (pH =5) (Table 7) or in a buffer and MeOH 75/25 mixture (Table 8) in tubes for hemolysis (measurements taken in triplicates). After introduction of the aqueous solution of murexide at 1 mM (0.1 mL), this is allowed to incubate at RT for 1 min and the absorbances are finally measured at 485 nm (A₄₈₅) and 520 nm (A₅₂₀) by UV/Visible light spectrophotometry.

TABLE 7 Preparation of the various concentrations of CuSO₄•5H₂O in Hexamine buffer 0.01M/KCl 0.01M (pH = 5) for the production of the calibration curves Final Solution volume concentration of CuSO₄•5H₂O Volume of Hexamine of CuSO₄•5H₂O at 0.5 mM buffer 0.01M/KCl 0.01M (mM) (μL) (pH = 5) (μL) 0 0 2000 0.025 105 1895 0.050 210 1790 0.075 315 1685 0.100 420 1580 0.125 525 1475

TABLE 8 Preparation of the various concentrations of CuSO₄•5H₂O in a Hexamine buffer 0.01M/KCl 0.01M (pH = 5) and MeOH 75/25 mixture for the production of the calibration curves Final Solution volume Volume of concentration of CuSO₄•5H₂O Hexamine buffer Volume of of CuSO₄•5H₂O at 0.5 mM 0.01M/KCl 0.01M MeOH (mM) (μL) (pH = 5) (μL) (μL) 0 0 1750 0.250 0.025 105 1645 0.250 0.050 210 1540 0.250 0.075 315 1435 0.250 0.100 420 1330 0.250 0.125 525 1225 0.250

3—Results and Discussion:

a) Calibration Curves

Straight lines are obtained (FIG. 6, FIG. 7) of which the equations will make it possible to determine the remaining quantity of free Cu²⁺, after complexation by the compounds to be tested and to evaluate in the end the complexation power thereof of the Cu²⁺.

b) Comparison of the Cu²⁺ Chelating Properties of the Tested Compounds

First of all, the novel compounds according to the invention appear to be better Cu²⁺ chelators than the 2^(nd) generation derivatives (Dap-Pip and Dap-(nBu)Pip) (FIG. 8). Compounds 30b, 37b, 37i and 37j have as such shown to be the most active with a complexing power close, especially for the compound 30b, to that of the EDA used as a reference of the literature. Within the same series, the comparison of the Cu²⁺ chelating properties of compounds 37a and 37b (compound 37b better complexant that the compound 37a) shows that the extension of the carbon chain carrying the terminal diamine group seems as expected to improve the activity. The separation of the carbonyl function does indeed allow for a potentialisation of the chelating ability of the diamine group. However, the poor results obtained with the compound 29b in relation to those obtained with the compounds 30b and 37b of which the carbon chain is also derived from lysine, suggests a combined intervention in the complexation of the Cu²⁺ of the group derived from ferulic acid, from gallic acid or hydroxypyridinone introduced at the opposite end of the molecule. In order to validate this hypothesis, we therefore compared the Cu²⁺ chelating properties of the compounds 37b and of two related compounds having only one free Cu²⁺ chelating end (compounds 36b and 38) (FIG. 9 and FIG. 10). As such, the loss of the diamine group (compound 36b) has shown to be of hardly any consequence contrary to that of the hydroxypyridinone group (compound 38) which appears therefore indeed essential for the Cu²⁺ chelating activity of the novel compounds according to the invention. In addition, the comparison of the results obtained with the compounds 37c and 37j shows a complexing power of the Cu²⁺ that is more substantial of the 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one motif with regards to the 3-hydroxypyridin-2-one motif. Finally, in light of the poor results obtained with the compounds 29a and 29b, the group derived from ferulic acid seems to have the complexing power of the Cu²⁺ that is the least interesting.

III) Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention (29a, 29b, 30a, 30b; 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37f, 37i, 37j) via an ORAC Test (“Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity”)

1—Principle:

The antioxidant properties of the compounds according to the invention were evaluated using a ORAC_(FL) test using fluorescein (J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004 52, 48-54; J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 4290-4302). As such, peroxide radicals, generated in the presence of AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride) at 37° C., react with this fluorescent sensor in order to give a non-fluorescent product. The protective effect of the test compounds can then be determined by following the decay curve of the fluorescence of the fluorescein over time and be measuring the area under the curve (AUC) of the sample in relation to that of a control corresponding to an absence of antioxidant.

The trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E, is used as a standard for calculating the antioxidant capacity (ORAC_(FL)) of the compounds tested at 10 μM, expressed in mol of Trolox equivalent (TE)/μmol of tested compound. This value is as such obtained using the straight-line calibration equation giving the area under the curve according to the various concentrations of trolox (Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2015, 23, 1135-1148) (FIG. 11).

2—Method:

A solution of fluorescein (FL) (12 nM; 150 μL) is introduced into a black 96-well plate (Dutscher, Brumath, France). The compounds to be tested (1-20 μM; 25 μL) or trolox (1-50 μM; 25 μL) dissolved in D-PBS are added into each well. After equilibration of the plate during an incubation at 37° C. for a minimum of 30 min, the radical reactions are initiated using a solution of AAPH prepared extemporaneously (30 mM; 25 μL). The fluorescence (λ_(Ex): 485 nm; λ_(Em): 520 nm) is measured every 90 seconds for 60 cycles using a temperature-controlled Tecan Infinite® 200 PRO microplate reader (measurements taken in triplicates during three independent experiments).

3—Results and Discussion:

The compounds according to the invention have shown a substantial antioxidant capacity (Table 9: ORAC_(FL)≥1 μmol TE/μmol), compared in particular to the very low activity found for the carnosine. In addition, the introduction of the group coming from ferulic acid, from gallic acid or from the hydroxypyridinone motif appears indispensable for the acquisition of these antioxidant properties in light of the absence of activity found for the 2^(nd) generation Dap-Pip derivative. Compounds 30b and 37c have as such shown to be the most active and will therefore be retained as the leaders in their respective families thereof. Note that the comparison of the results obtained with the compounds 37c and 37j was in this case in favour of a better antioxidant capacity of the 3-hydroxypyridin-2-one motif

TABLE 9 Antioxidant capacity (ORAC_(FL)) of the compounds according to the invention at 10 μM (The values are expressed by the mean ± SEM (“Standard error of the mean”) of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate). ORAC_(FL) Compound tested (μmol TE/μmol) Trolox 1 Carnosine 0.08 ± 0.05 Dap-Pip 0 Compound 29a 2.05 ± 0.23 Compound 29b 1.50 ± 0.10 Compound 30a 0.89 ± 0.10 Compound 30b 2.59 ± 0.35 Compound 37a 0.58 ± 0.02 Compound 37b 0.99 ± 0.09 Compound 37c 1.03 ± 0.03 Compound 37d 1.21 ± 0.07 Compound 37f 1.96 ± 0.24 Compound 37i 1.24 ± 0.02 Compound 37j 1.01 ± 0.06

C. Biological Evaluation In Vitro

I) Evaluation In Vitro of the Antiradical Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention (29a, 29b, 30a, 30b; 37a, 37b, 37c)

1—Principle:

The antiradical properties of the various compounds are determined by inhibition of the lipid peroxidation in the in vitro model of the oxidation of the low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1992, 13, 341-390). The lipid peroxidation is initiated by the attack by free radicals of a double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the LDLs. This results in the elimination of a hydrogen atom from a CH₂ group. This unstable radical is rearranged in order to then result in a more stable configuration namely a conjugated diene. Once initiated, the oxidation of the LDLs is a chain reaction of lipid peroxidation generated by the free radicals. The oxidation in vitro of the LDLs is induced at 37° C. by the adding of the water-soluble compound 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (AAPH), which generates free radicals during the spontaneous thermal breakdown thereof

2—Method:

Briefly, the oxidation, carried out in a 96-well plate, is induced at 37° C. by adding 20 μL of a solution of AAPH at 2 mM in D-PBS at 160 μL of LDL (100 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of 20 μL of the various solutions of the compounds to be tested dissolved in D-PBS (0.1 to 100 μM in final concentrations). The LDLs alone without adding AAPH are used as a negative control. Each oxidation is carried out in double. During the oxidation, the formation of the conjugated dienes is followed by the measurement of the optical density at 234 nm every 10 minutes for 8 h at 37° C. using a temperature-controlled TECAN spectrophotometer. The vitamin E (α-tocopherol) which is a powerful antioxidant recognised in this in vitro model is used as a reference molecule (J. Nutr. Biochem., 2012, 23, 845-51).

3—Results and Discussion:

The 2^(nd) generation Dap-Pip derivative does not show any anti-radical effect even at a high concentration (100 μM) (FIG. 27).

Compounds 29a and 29b, derived from ferulic acid behave in a similar way (FIG. 28 and FIG. 29). Indeed, the results show that these products are antioxidants for concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 but become pro-oxidants at lower concentrations (from 0.1 to 10 μM).

The compound 30b, derived from gallic acid is highly pro-oxidant for concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 but becomes highly antioxidant at the lowest concentrations (0.1 to 10 μM) (FIG. 30).

Compounds 37a and 37c, carrying a hydroxypyridinone group behave in a similar way. They have an increasing antioxidant effect for concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 (FIG. 31 and FIG. 32).

At lower concentrations from 1 to 10 μM, the compounds 30b, 37a and 37c according to the invention have anti-radical properties that are higher than those of the 2^(nd) generation Dap-Pip derivative, and even those of vitamin E (FIG. 33 and FIG. 34). The effectiveness of this 3^(rd) generation of antioxidant compounds with respect to both prior related derivatives, but also a reference product, was therefore able to be demonstrated.

The rather atypical behaviour of the compound 30b (antioxidant at low concentrations and pro-oxidant at high concentrations) is yet to be studied. On the contrary, the profile of compounds 29a and 29b (pro-oxidant at low concentrations and antioxidant at high concentrations) can be echoed in certain recent work described in literature (J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 3597-3604; J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58, 9273-9280).

In the end, the compounds 37a and 37c carrying a hydroxypyridinone group seem to have the best antioxidant properties and this at low concentrations of about 1 μM.

II) Study of the Cytotoxicity of the Compounds According to the Invention

The cell lines used for the study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention as well as for the evaluation of the anti-apoptotic properties thereof were selected in light of the previously mentioned claims, for the purposes of a use in cosmetics or in the treatment and/or the prevention in particular of atherosclerosis and of neurodegenerative diseases of the compounds according to the invention. As such, these various studies were able to be carried out on human fibroblasts (MRC-5), murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3) and rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) (Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2014, 83, 355-365; Chem. Biol. Interact., 2014, 224, 108-116; Neurochem. Int., 2013, 62, 620-625).

1—Principle:

The cellular viability is evaluated by a colorimetric method based on the detection of the conversion of a salt of the tetrazolium (WST-8) by the metabolically active cells (CCK-8 kit, Sigma, Lyons, France) (Molecules, 2014, 19(8), 12048-12064; J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods., 2007, 56(1), 58-62). Living cells have mitochondrial dehydrogenases that reduce the WST-8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), monosodium salt) to formazan of an orange colour, which dissolves directly in the culture medium in the presence of 1-Methoxy PMS (1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulphate). After an incubation for 1 h at 37° C., the absorbance of the formazan is measured at 450 nm. The absorbance is directly proportional to the number of living cells.

2—Method:

Briefly, the cells are inoculated in 96-well plates at a rate of 5.10³ cells per well in 100 μL of the suitable medium until subconfluence. The cells are then washed with D-PBS, then treated with various concentrations (10 μM, 100 μM) of the products to be tested in triplicates for 24 and 48 h. A positive control is carried out with 10% of DMSO. The CCK-8 (10 μL) solution is then added to each well for an incubation for 1 h at 37° C. The measurement of the absorbance is taken at 450 nm using a Perkin Elmer 2103 Envision® microplate reader.

The viability of the cells is expressed as a % of the control (untreated cells) by the mean±standard deviation of triplicates forming a representative experiment or of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate.

3—Results and Discussion:

TABLE 10 Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on three cell lines (murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3), rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) and human fibroblasts (MRC-5)) after 24 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed as a percentage of the untreated cells (100% control conditions). Cell line bEnd.3 PC12 MRC-5 Concentration (μM) 10 100 10 100 10 100 Control 100 100 100 100 100 100 Dap-Pip 123 103 114 120 125 128 Compound 29a 98 87 100 120 103 99 Compound 29b 92 86 108 112 106 102 Compound 30a 117 96 116 140 115 112 Compound 30b 93 99 110 82 98 101 Compound 37a 97 103 93 112 112 124 Compound 37b 126 115 138 124 113 113 Compound 37c 99 85 110 102 97 89

TABLE 11 Study of the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on three cell lines (murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3), rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) and human fibroblasts (MRC-5)) after 48 h of treatment. The viability of the cells is expressed as a percentage of the untreated cells (100% control conditions). Cell line bEnd.3 PC12 MRC-5 Concentration (μM) 10 100 10 100 10 100 Control 100 100 100 100 100 100 Dap-Pip 131 142 110 102 113 111 Compound 29a 90 83 94 87 104 103 Compound 29b 92 90 95 97 95 100 Compound 30a 95 108 96 113 101 103 Compound 30b 92 87 95 67 92 100 Compound 37a 99 93 96 99 107 105 Compound 37b 101 100 115 107 103 101 Compound 37c 86 84 91 94 94 90

The general trend that is formed from these first results (measurements taken in triplicates forming a representative experiment) reveal a priori a low cytotoxicity and even an absence of cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention on the three cell lines tested at 10 and 100 μM after 24 h (Table 10, FIG. 35, FIG. 36, FIG. 37) or 48 h of treatment (Table 11, FIG. 38, FIG. 39, FIG. 40). Some less satisfactory data does appear however especially for a high concentration of 100 μM for in particular the compounds 29a, 30b and 37c. The compound 30b is at such at the origin of a non-negligible reduction in cellular viability at 100 μM and after 48 h of treatment on the PC12 cells (67% control). However, this cytotoxicity could be explained by its pro-oxidant nature already observed at high concentration during the in vitro evaluation of the antiradical properties thereof (FIG. 30). In the end, an anti-radical activity higher than that of vitamin E having been found for the most interesting derivatives for concentrations less than or equal to 10 μM (FIG. 33, FIG. 34), these first results on the cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention appear to be highly encouraging.

Finally, the absence of cytotoxicity of the compounds according to the invention was able to be confirmed after 24 h of treatment on the PC12 cells during three independent experiments conducted in triplicate (FIG. 41).

III) Evaluation of the Anti-Apoptotic Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention on Different Cell Lines (29a, 29b, 30a, 30b; 37a, 37b, 37c)

1—Principle:

Apoptosis is an intrinsically programmed cellular mechanism for cell death, highly regulated, which constitutes a response of the organism to physiological or pathological stimuli causing an imbalance between the production and the elimination of cells. This programmed death mechanism makes it possible to maintain the homeostasis of the tissues. Morphologically, apoptosis corresponds to a progressive retraction of the cell, with condensation of the chromatin and of the cytoplasm, followed by a regular characteristic fragmentation of the DNA resulting in the formation of cell fragments (internucleosomal fragmentation) or apoptotic bodies. Unsuitable regulation of apoptosis plays a major role in many pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmunity, Alzheimer's disease . . . (The Lancet, 1993, 381, 1251-1254; Toxicol Pathol., 2007, 35(4), 495-516).

Various studies have shown that methyglyoxal (MGO) induces apoptosis in many cell types (Int. J. Mol, Med., 2010, 26, 813-818).

The apoptosis of cells is evaluated by an ELISA method using two murine monoconal antibodies with one directed against the DNA and the other against the histones (ELISAPLUS Cell Death Detection kit, Roche, Meylan, France). This technique makes it possible to specifically measure the mono- and oligo-nucleosomes in the cytoplasmic fraction of the cell lysates.

2—Method:

Briefly, the cells are inoculated in 96-well or 24-well plates at a rate of 5.10³ cells/well for the Bend.3 and PC12 and 75.10³ cells/well for the MRCS in the suitable medium until subconfluence. The cells are then washed with PBS, then treated with various concentrations (10 μM, 100 μM) of the products to be tested in triplicates for 30 min to 1 h (cellules PC12 and Bend.3) or 1 h (cellules MRCS) at 37° C. The solution of MGO (1 mM for the cellules PC12, 2 mM for the cellules Bend.3 and MRCS) is then added for an incubation of 24 h. The concentrations of MGO for each cell type were chosen according to literature and a cytotoxicity test (CCK8) that we conducted. The solution of lyse is then added to each well for 30 min at room temperature. The cell lysates are then centrifuged at 200 g for 10 min. Twenty microliters of this cell lysate is then used for the ELISA according to the procedure described by the supplier. The cell lysates are as such applied to a plate covered with anti-Histones antibodies making it possible to view the fragmentation of the DNA. A peroxidase combined with anti-DNA antibodies then reacts in the presence of the substrate thereof, ABTS (diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) and H₂O₂ in order to give a green derivative of which the optical density reflects the level of apoptosis. The measurement of the absorbance is taken at 405 nm using a Perkin Elmer 2103 Envision® microplate reader. A positive control is carried out in the presence of MGO alone.

The apoptosis of the cells is expressed by the mean±standard deviation of triplicates forming a representative experiment or of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate.

3—Results and Discussion:

Compounds 30b and 37c have shown very interesting anti-apoptotic properties starting at 10 μM following the induction of the apoptosis by the MGO on murine endothelial brain cells (bEnd.3) (FIG. 42, FIG. 43). They therefore appear to be capable of slowing down the harmful cellular cascade linked to the oxidative and carbonyl stresses with the purpose of using compounds according to the invention in the treatment and/or prevention of atherosclerosis.

The compound 37c revealed very interesting anti-apoptotic properties starting at 10 μM following the induction of the apoptosis by the MGO on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) (FIG. 44, FIG. 45). It therefore appears to be capable of slowing down the harmful cellular cascade linked to the oxidative and carbonyl stresses with the purpose of using compounds according to the invention in the treatment and/or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. For the compound 30b, this trend is confirmed at 100 μM.

Compounds 37b and 37c have promising anti-apoptotic properties at 100 μM following the induction of the apoptosis by the MGO on human fibroblasts (MRC-5) (FIG. 46, FIG. 47). They therefore appear to be capable of slowing down the harmful cellular cascade linked to the oxidative and carbonyl stresses for the purposes of an application of the compounds according to the invention in the cosmetic industry for a prevention of premature ageing of the skin.

Finally, the anti-apoptotic properties of the compound 37c at 100 μM following the induction of the apoptosis by the MGO on rat pheochromocytoma cells, treated as neuronal cells (PC12) were able to be confirmed during three independent experiments conducted in triplicate (FIG. 48). 

The invention claimed is:
 1. Compound of Formula I:

and the salts thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 6; X is CO or CH₂; Y is NR¹R² or R² or

R¹ is H or alkyl or alkyl-aryl; R² is Z-L-R³; Z is non-existent, CO or CH₂; L is non-existent, CH═CH or (CH₂)_(m); m is an integer from 1 to 6; R³ is phenyl, substituted by at least one OH group and one or more substituents selected from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl, or R³ is N-pyridinonyl, substituted by at least one OH group and possibly by one or more substituents selected from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl.
 2. Compound or salt according to claim 1, having Formula II

II.
 3. Compound or salt according to claim 1, having Formula III


4. Compound or salt according to claim 1, having Formula IV


5. Compound or salt according to claim 1, having Formula V


6. Compound or salt according to claim 4, wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl.
 7. Compound or salt according to claim 1, having Formula VI


8. Compound or salt according to claim 1 selected from: (E)-4,5-diamino-1-(4-(3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)piperazin-1-yl)pentan-1-one, (E)-N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide, 4,5-diamino-1-(4-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)pentan-1-one, N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide, N-(4,5-diaminopentyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)propanamide, N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)propanamide, 4,5-diamino-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)propyl)pentanamide, 1-(2-(4-(4,5-diaminopentanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one, N-(4,5-diaminopentyl)-2-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)acetamide, N-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-2-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)acetamide, 1-(2-(4-(4,5-diaminopentanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4(1H)-one, 1-(3-(4-(4,5-diaminopentyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one, 1-(3-((4,5-diaminopentyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one, and 1-(5,6-diaminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4(1H)-one.
 9. Pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound or one of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 10. Cosmetic composition comprising a compound according to claim
 1. 11. Agrofood composition comprising a compound according to claim
 1. 12. Compound or salt according to claim 5, wherein Z-L-R³ is selected from:

wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R²¹ are selected, independently of one another, from OH, C1 to C4 alkoxy and C1 to C4 alkyl. 